23.4.3.1 Binarization -- Threshold selection for documents, Character Enhancement

Wahl, F.M., Wong, K.Y., and Casey, R.G.,
Block Segmentation and Text Extraction in Mixed Text/Image Documents,
CGIP(20), No. 4, December 1982, pp. 375-390.
WWW Version. Document Analysis. Segmentation, Binarization. BibRef 8212

Casey, R.G., and Naagy, G.,
Recursive Segmentation and Classification of Composite Patterns,
ICPR82(1023-xx). Separate characters for OCR BibRef 8209

Walsh, B.F.[Brian F.], Halpert, D.E.[David E.],
Low resolution raster images,
US_Patent4,437,122, Mar 13, 1984
WWW Version. BibRef 8403

Nadler, M.[Morton],
Process and device for the binarization of a pattern,
US_Patent4,509,195, Apr 2, 1985
WWW Version. BibRef 8504

Tanioka, H.[Hiroshi],
Image processing apparatus,
US_Patent4,723,173, Feb 2, 1988
WWW Version. Binarization BibRef 8802

Yoneda, H.[Hitoshi], Machida, H.[Hironobu], Kanno, H.[Hiroki], Izawa, K.[Koji],
Image processing device,
US_Patent5,001,767, Mar 19, 1991
WWW Version. Binarization BibRef 9103

Klees, K.J.[Kevin J.],
Edge enhancement error diffusion thresholding for document images,
US_Patent5,034,990, July 23, 1991.
WWW Version. BibRef 9107
And:
Adaptive error diffusion thresholding for document images,
US_Patent5,060,284, Oct 22, 1991
WWW Version. BibRef

Marandici, M.P.[Mircea P.], Quinn, M.J.[Matthew J.],
Automatic threshold generation technique,
US_Patent5,337,373, Aug 9, 1994
WWW Version. BibRef 9408

Chou, S.L.[Sheng-Li], Yu, S.S.[Shiaw-Shian], Lai, Y.C.[Yuan-Cheng],
Run-based method for smoothing handwritten Chinese characters,
US_Patent5,410,614, Apr 25, 1995
WWW Version. BibRef 9504

Liu, Y., Srihari, S.N.,
Document Image Binarization Based on Texture Features,
PAMI(19), No. 5, May 1997, pp. 540-544.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9705
Candidate thresholds using Otsu ( See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. ), Textures using runlength histogram texture, Select threshold to preserve desirable document texture features. BibRef

Palumbo, P.W., Swaminathan, P., Srihari, S.N.,
Document Image Binarization: Evaluation of Algorithms,
SPIE(697), 1986, pp. 278-285. BibRef 8600

Liu, Y.,
Document Image Binarization Based on Texture Analysis,
Ph.D.Thesis, SUNY/Buffalo, 1995. BibRef 9500

Taxt, T., Flynn, P.J., and Jain, A.K.,
Segmentation of Document Images,
PAMI(11), No. 12, December 1989, pp. 1322-1329.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 8912
Earlier: SMC-C89(1062-1067). OCR. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Segmentation. Document Analysis. Relaxation based technique worked best on two cases and the non-contextual technique on the other two. The system essentially classifies pixels as text or background, no recognition, etc. BibRef

Trier, O.D.[Oivind Due], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.],
Goal-Directed Evaluation of Binarization Methods,
PAMI(17), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1191-1201.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Segmentation. Evaluate the algorithm by how well the next stage performs, rather than some arbitrary measure. The same conclusion reached in See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 9512

Trier, O.D., Taxt, T.,
Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images,
PAMI(17), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 312-315.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Evaluation, Segmentation. Segmentation, Binarization. Evaluation, Thresholding. BibRef 9503
And: Correction: PAMI(17), No. 6, June 1995, pp. 640-640.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef
And:
Improvement of Integrated Function Algorithm for Binarization of Document Images,
PRL(16), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 277-283. BibRef
Earlier:
Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Utility Map Images,
ICIP94(II: 1046-1050).
IEEE DOI Link Modified locally adaptive methods were the best 3 when modified by See also New Method for Image Segmentation, A. which was fourth by itself. Global methods did far worse. The method in the book ( See also Introduction to Digital Image Processing, An. ) (when modified) did the best. See also Fast Adaptive Method for Binarization of Document Images, A. (modified) was second. See also Dynamic Thresholding of Grey-Level Images. (modified) was third. BibRef

Tan, H.L.[Hin-Leong],
Row-by-row segmentation and thresholding for optical character recognition,
US_Patent5,081,690, Jan 14, 1992
WWW Version. BibRef 9201

Oh, I.S.,
Document Image Binarization Preserving Stroke Connectivity,
PRL(16), No. 7, July 1995, pp. 743-748. BibRef 9507

O'Gorman, L.,
Binarization and Multithresholding of Document Images Using Connectivity,
GMIP(56), No. 6, November 1994, pp. 494-506. BibRef 9411
And:
Experimental comparisons of binarization and multi-thresholding methods on document images,
ICPR94(B:395-398).
IEEE DOI Link 9410
BibRef

Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.], Zhao, A.[Aiguo],
Extraction of Binary Character/Graphics Images from Grayscale Document Images,
GMIP(55), No. 3, May 1993, pp. 203-??. BibRef 9305
Earlier:
Binary character/graphics image extraction: a new technique and six evaluation aspects,
ICPR92(III:113-116).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Mo, S., Mathews, V.J.,
Adaptive, Quadratic Preprocessing of Document Images for Binarization,
IP(7), No. 7, July 1998, pp. 992-999.
IEEE DOI Link 9807
BibRef

Jang, J.H.[Jeong-Hun], Hong, K.S.[Ki-Sang],
Binarization of noisy gray-scale character images by thin line modeling,
PR(32), No. 5, May 1999, pp. 743-752.
WWW Version. BibRef 9905

Solihin, Y., Leedham, C.G.,
Integral Ratio: A New Class of Global Thresholding Techniques for Handwriting Images,
PAMI(21), No. 8, August 1999, pp. 761-768.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9908

Kaji, Y.[Yukio], Nakajima, T.[Toshiki],
Binarization system for an image scanner,
US_Patent5,915,049, Jun 22, 1999
WWW Version. BibRef 9906

Sauvola, J., Pietikäinen, M.,
Adaptive document image binarization,
PR(33), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 225-236.
WWW Version. 0001
BibRef

Yang, Y.B.[Yi-Bing], Yan, H.[Hong],
An adaptive logical method for binarization of degraded document images,
PR(33), No. 5, May 2000, pp. 787-807.
WWW Version. 0003
BibRef

Zhao, M.S.[Man-Suo], Yang, Y.B.[Yi-Bing], Yan, H.[Hong],
An adaptive thresholding method for binarization of blueprint images,
PRL(21), No. 10, October 2000, pp. 927-943. 0008
BibRef

Savakis, A.E.[Andreas E.],
Document image thresholding using foreground and background clustering,
US_Patent6,044,179, Mar 28, 2000
WWW Version. BibRef 0003
And:
Adaptive document image thresholding using foreground and background clustering,
ICIP98(III: 785-789).
IEEE DOI Link 9810
BibRef

Qin, S.F.[Sheng-Feng], Wright, D.K.[David K.], Jordanov, I.N.[Ivan N.],
On-line segmentation of freehand sketches by knowledge-based nonlinear thresholding operations,
PR(34), No. 10, October 2001, pp. 1885-1893.
WWW Version. 0108
BibRef

Kim, I.K.[In-Kwon], Jung, D.W.[Dong-Wook], Park, R.H.[Rae-Hong],
Document image binarization based on topographic analysis using a water flow model,
PR(35), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 265-277.
WWW Version. 0111
BibRef

Don, H.S.[Hon-Son],
A noise attribute thresholding method for document image binarization,
IJDAR(4), No. 2 2001, pp. 131-138.
HTML Version. 0201
BibRef

Tsai, C.M.[Chun-Ming], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Binarization of color document images via luminance and saturation color features,
IP(11), No. 4, April 2002, pp. 434-451.
IEEE DOI Link 0205
BibRef

Zlotnick, A.[Aviad],
Method for image binarization,
US_Patent6,351,566, Feb 26, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef 0202

Lee, Y.C.[Yong-Chun], Rudak, P.[Peter],
Region-based image binarization system,
US_Patent6,393,150, May 21, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef 0205

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Natural Skeletonization: New Approach For The Skeletonization Of Handwritten Characters,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 267-279. 0504
BibRef

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Iterative model-based binarization algorithm for cheque images,
IJDAR(5), No. 1, 2002, pp. 28-38.
HTML Version. 0211
BibRef
Earlier:
Binarization of document images using image dependent model,
ICDAR01(49-53).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Dawoud, A.[Amer], Kamel, M.S.[Mohamed S.],
Iterative Multimodel Subimage Binarization for Handwritten Character Segmentation,
IP(13), No. 9, September 2004, pp. 1223-1230.
IEEE DOI Link 0409
BibRef
Earlier:
Iterative sub-image binarization for document images,
ICIP03(I: 553-556).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0312
BibRef

Tabbone, S.A.[Salvatore A.], Wendling, L.[Laurent],
Multi-scale binarization of images,
PRL(24), No. 1-3, January 2003, pp. 403-411.
HTML Version. 0211
BibRef
Earlier:
An original multi-scale algorithm to binarize images,
ICPR02(IV: 322-325).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Wang, B.[Bin], Li, X.F.[Xiang-Feng], Liu, F.[Feng], Hu, F.Q.[Fu-Qiao],
Color text image binarization based on binary texture analysis,
PRL(26), No. 10, 15 July 2005, pp. 1568-1576.
WWW Version. 0506
BibRef
And: PRL(26), No. 11, August 2005, pp. 1650-1657.
WWW Version. 0506
BibRef

Oh, H.H.[Hyun-Hwa], Lim, K.T.[Kil-Taek], Chien, S.I.[Sung-Il],
An improved binarization algorithm based on a water flow model for document image with inhomogeneous backgrounds,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2612-2625.
WWW Version. 0510
BibRef

Curry, D.J.[Donald J.], Kletter, D.[Doron], Nafarieh, A.[Asghar],
Dynamic threshold system for multiple raster content (MRC) representation of documents,
US_Patent6,859,204, Feb 22, 2005
WWW Version. BibRef 0502

Gatos, B.[Basilios], Pratikakis, I.E.[Ioannis E.], Perantonis, S.J.[Stavros J.],
Adaptive degraded document image binarization,
PR(39), No. 3, March 2006, pp. 317-327.
WWW Version. 0601
BibRef
Earlier:
An Adaptive Binarization Technique for Low Quality Historical Documents,
DAS04(102-113).
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef

Gupta, M.R.[Maya R.], Jacobson, N.P.[Nathaniel P.], Garcia, E.K.[Eric K.],
OCR binarization and image pre-processing for searching historical documents,
PR(40), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 389-397.
WWW Version. 0611
OCR; Binarization; Multiresolutional; Halftoning BibRef

Downton, A.C.[Andy C.], He, J.Y.[Jing-Yu], Lucas, S.[Simon],
User-configurable OCR enhancement for online natural history archives,
IJDAR(9), No. 2-4, April 2007, pp. 263-279.
Springer DOI Link 0704
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, Only:
Evaluation of a user-assisted archive construction system for online natural history archives,
ICDAR05(I: 442-446).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

He, J., Do, Q.D.M., Downton, A.C., Kim, J.H.,
A comparison of binarization methods for historical archive documents,
ICDAR05(I: 538-542).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Badekas, E.[Efthimios], Nikolaou, N.[Nikos], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
Text binarization in color documents,
IJIST(16), No. 6, 2006, pp. 262-274.
WWW Version. 0706
BibRef

Badekas, E.[Efthimios], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
Document binarisation using Kohonen SOM,
IET-IPR(1), No. 1, March 2007, pp. 67-84.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Nikolaou, N.[Nikos], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
Color reduction for complex document images,
IJIST(19), No. 1, March 2009, pp. 14-26.
WWW Version. 0902
BibRef
Earlier:
Color Segmentation of Complex Document Images,
VISAPP06(251-263).
Springer DOI Link 0711
BibRef

Chen, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Sun, Q.S.[Quan-Sen], Heng, P.A.[Pheng Ann], Xia, D.S.[De-Shen],
A double-threshold image binarization method based on edge detector,
PR(41), No. 4, April 2008, pp. 1254-1267.
WWW Version. 0801
Binarization; Double-threshold; Edge connection; Edge detector; Seed filling See also Parametric active contours for object tracking based on matching degree image of object contour points. BibRef

Dong, L.[Liju], Yu, G.[Ge], Ogunbona, P.[Philip], Li, W.Q.[Wan-Qing],
An efficient iterative algorithm for image thresholding,
PRL(29), No. 9, 1 July 2008, pp. 1311-1316.
WWW Version. 0711
Thresholding; Binarisation; Segmentation BibRef

Huang, S.T.[Song-Tao], Ahmadi, M.[Majid], Sid-Ahmed, M.A.,
A hidden Markov model-based character extraction method,
PR(41), No. 9, September 2008, pp. 2890-2900.
WWW Version. 0806
Binarization; Thresholding; HMM; OCR; Stroke BibRef

Hu, X.F.[Xiao-Feng], Ye, Q.T.[Qing-Tai],
Adaptive Thresholding for Degraded Call Number Images,
IEICE(E88-D), No. 1, January 2005, pp. 162-163.
WWW Version. 0501
BibRef

Chi, Z.[Zheru], Wang, Q.[Qing],
Document Image Binarization With Feedback For Improving Character Segmentation,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 281-309. 0504
BibRef

Quweider, M.K., Scargle, J.D., Jackson, B.,
Grey level reduction for segmentation, threshholding and binarisation of images based on optimal partitioning on an interval,
IET-IPR(1), No. 2, June 2007, pp. 103-111.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Sarkar, P.[Prateek], Saund, E.[Eric], Lin, J.[Jing],
Classifying Foreground Pixels in Document Images,
ICDAR09(641-645).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Lelore, T.[Thibault], Bouchara, F.[Frédéric],
Document Image Binarisation Using Markov Field Model,
ICDAR09(551-555).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Konya, I.[Iuliu], Seibert, C.[Christoph], Eickeler, S.[Stefan], Glahn, S.[Sebastian],
Constant-Time Locally Optimal Adaptive Binarization,
ICDAR09(738-742).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Kuk, J.G.[Jung Gap], Cho, N.I.[Nam Ik],
Feature Based Binarization of Document Images Degraded by Uneven Light Condition,
ICDAR09(748-752).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Ntirogiannis, K.[Konstantinos], Gatos, B.[Basilis], Pratikakis, I.[Ioannis],
A Modified Adaptive Logical Level Binarization Technique for Historical Document Images,
ICDAR09(1171-1175).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Tanaka, H.[Hiroshi],
Threshold Correction of Document Image Binarization for Ruled-line Extraction,
ICDAR09(541-545).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Naegel, B.[Benoit], Wendling, L.[Laurent],
Document Binarization Based on Connected Operators,
ICDAR09(316-320).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Gatos, B.[Basilis], Ntirogiannis, K.[Konstantinos], Pratikakis, I.[Ioannis],
ICDAR 2009 Document Image Binarization Contest (DIBCO 2009),
ICDAR09(1375-1382).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Cherala, S.[Sridhar], Rege, P.P.[Priti P.],
Palm Leaf Manuscript/Color Document image Enhancement by Using Improved Adaptive Binarization Method,
ICCVGIP08(687-692).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Stathis, P.[Pavlos], Kavallieratou, E.[Ergina], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
An evaluation survey of binarization algorithms on historical documents,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Navon, Y.[Yaakov],
Layer-based binarization for textual images,
ICPR08(1-5).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Garain, U.[Utpal], Jain, A.[Atishay], Maity, A.[Anjan], Chanda, B.[Bhabatosh],
Machine reading of camera-held low quality text images: An ICA-based image enhancement approach for improving OCR accuracy,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Cecotti, H.[Hubert], Belad, A.[Abdel],
Dynamic filters selection for textual document image binarization,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Zhu, Y.[Yuanping],
Augment document image binarization by learning,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Gatos, B.[Basilis], Pratikakis, I., Perantonis, S.J.,
Improved document image binarization by using a combination of multiple binarization techniques and adapted edge information,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Kuk, J.G.[Jung Gap], Cho, N.I.[Nam Ik], Lee, K.M.[Kyoung Mu],
MAP-MRF approach for binarization of degraded document image,
ICIP08(2612-2615).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Cooksey, E.[Erica], Withers, W.D.[W. Douglas],
Rapid image binarization with morphological operators,
ICIP08(1017-1020).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Abirami, S., Manjula, D.,
Text Region Extraction from Quality Degraded Document Images,
PReMI07(519-527).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Xi, Y., Chen, Y., Liao, Q., Winghong, L., Shunming, F., Jiangwen, D.,
A Novel Binarization System for Degraded Document Images,
ICDAR07(287-291).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Lu, S.J., Tan, C.L.,
Binarization of Badly Illuminated Document Images through Shading Estimation and Compensation,
ICDAR07(312-316).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Saidane, Z.[Zohra], Garcia, C.[Christophe],
An Automatic Method for Video Character Segmentation,
ICIAR08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Link 0806
BibRef
Earlier:
Robust Binarization for Video Text Recognition,
ICDAR07(874-879).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Ramirez, M., Tapia, E., Block, M., Rojas, R.,
Quantile Linear Algorithm for Robust Binarization of Digitalized Letters,
ICDAR07(1158-1162).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Chen, Y.K.[Yu-Kumg], Chang, Y.F.[Yi-Fan],
Two Thresholding for Deriving the Bi-Level Document Image,
PSIVT06(228-237).
Springer DOI Link 0612
BibRef

Cavalcanti, G.D.C., Silva, E.F.A., Zanchettin, C., Bezerra, B.L.D., Doria, R.C., Rabelo, J.C.B.,
A Heuristic Binarization Algorithm for Documents with Complex Background,
ICIP06(389-392). 0610

IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Zhu, Y.P.[Yuan-Ping], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Dai, R.W.[Ru-Wei],
Document Image Binarization Based on Stroke Enhancement,
ICPR06(I: 955-958).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Liu, C.M.[Chun-Mei], Wang, C.H.[Chun-Heng], Dai, R.W.[Ru-Wei],
Low Resolution Character Recognition by Image Quality Evaluation,
ICPR06(I: 864-867).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Antonacopoulos, A., Castilla, C.C.[C. Casado],
Flexible Text Recovery from Degraded Typewritten Historical Documents,
ICPR06(II: 1062-1065).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E.[Ergina], Stathis, S.[Stamatatos],
Adaptive Binarization of Historical Document Images,
ICPR06(III: 742-745).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Li, Y.[Yun], Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], Suen, C.Y.,
A threshlod selection method based on multiscale and graylevel co-occurrence matrix analysis,
ICDAR05(II: 575-578).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Yokobayashi, M.[Minoru], Wakahara, T.[Toru],
Binarization and Recognition of Degraded Characters Using a Maximum Separability Axis in Color Space and GAT Correlation,
ICPR06(II: 885-888).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef
Earlier:
Segmentation and recognition of characters in scene images using selective binarization in color space and GAT correlation,
ICDAR05(I: 167-171).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Wakahara, T.[Toru],
Figure-ground discrimination and distortion-tolerant recognition of color characters in scene images,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Wakahara, T.[Toru], Uchida, S.[Seiichi],
Hierarchical Decomposition of Handwriting Deformation Vector Field Using 2D Warping and Global/Local Affine Transformation,
ICDAR09(1141-1145).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Kohmura, H.[Hanako], Wakahara, T.[Toru],
Determining Optimal Filters for Binarization of Degraded Characters in Color Using Genetic Algorithms,
ICPR06(III: 661-664).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Ojima, Y., Kirigaya, S., Wakahara, T.,
Determining optimal filters for binarization of degraded grayscale characters using genetic algorithms,
ICDAR05(II: 555-559).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E.,
A binarization algorithm specialized on document images and photos,
ICDAR05(I: 463-467).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Hamza, H., Smigiel, E., Belaid, E.,
Neural based binarization techniques,
ICDAR05(I: 317-321).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Gabarra, E.[Elise], Tabbone, A.[Antoine],
Combining Global and Local Threshold to Binarize Document of Images,
IbPRIA05(II:371).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Sun, Y.F.[Yu-Fei], Chen, Y.[Yan], Zhang, Y.Z.[Yu-Zhi], Li, Y.X.[Yan-Xia],
Automated Seeded Region Growing Method for Document Image Binarization Based on Topographic Features,
ICIAR04(II: 200-208).
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Woo, Y.W.[Young W.],
Performance Evaluation of Binarizations of Scanned Insect Footprints,
IWCIA04(669-678).
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef

Seeger, M., Dance, C.,
Binarising camera images for OCR,
ICDAR01(54-58).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Fan, L., Tan, C., Fan, L.,
Edge-preserving Prefiltering for Document Image Binarization,
ICIP01(I: 1070-1073).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Wang, S.Z.[Shen-Zheng], Lee, H.J.[Hsi-Jian],
Dual-binarization and anisotropic diffusion of Chinese characters in calligraphy documents,
ICDAR01(271-275).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Sánchez-Valverde, J.,
Optimum Binarization of Technical Document Images,
ICIP00(Vol III: 985-988).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008
BibRef

Sankur, B., Abak, A.T., Baris, U.,
Assessment of Thresholding Algorithms for Document Processing,
ICIP99(I:580-584).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900

Greene, D., Yao, F., Zhang, T.[Tong],
A linear algorithm for optimal context clustering with application to bi-level image coding,
ICIP98(I: 508-511).
IEEE DOI Link 9810
BibRef

Eikvil, L., Taxt, T., and Moen, K.,
A Fast Adaptive Method for Binarization of Document Images,
ICDAR91(435-443). Comparison: See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 9100

Babaguchi, N., Yamada, K., Kise, K., Tezuka, Y.,
Connectionist model binarization,
ICPR90(II: 51-56).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Bernsen, J.,
Dynamic Thresholding of Grey-Level Images,
ICPR86(1251-1255). Comparison: See also Evaluation of Binarization Methods for Document Images. BibRef 8600

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Chinese and Kanji Characters .