23.4.6.2.2 Online Recognition of Handwritten Characters

Brown, R.M.,
On-Line Computer Recognition of Handprinted Characters,
TC(13), No. 6, December 1964, pp. 750-752. BibRef 6412

Powers, V.M.[V. Michael],
Pen direction sequences in character recognition,
PR(5), No. 4, December 1973, pp. 291-302.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Ito, M.R., Chui, T.L.,
On-line computer recognition of proposed standard ANSI(USASI) handprinted characters,
PR(10), No. 5-6, 1978, pp. 341-349.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Berthod, M., Maroy, J.P.,
Learning in Syntactic Recognition of Symbols Drawn on a Graphic Tablet,
CGIP(9), No. 2, February 1979, pp. 166-182.
WWW Version. BibRef 7902

Duvernoy, J.,
Application of autoregressive models to the study of the temporal structure of a handwritten text,
PR(12), No. 2, 1980, pp. 89-96.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Ikeda, K.[Katsuo], Yamamura, T.[Takashi], Mitamura, Y.[Yasumasa], Fujiwara, S.[Shiokazu], Tominaga, Y.[Yoshiharu], Kiyono, T.[Takeshi],
On-Line Recognition of Hand-Written Characters Utilizing Positional and Stroke Vector Sequences,
PR(13), No. 3, 1981, pp. 191-206.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Steinke, K.[Karlo],
Recognition of writers by handwriting images,
PR(14), No. 1-6, 1981, pp. 357-364.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef

Loy, W.W., and Landau, I.D.,
An On-Line Procedure for Recognition of Handprinted Alphanumeric Characters,
PAMI(4), No. 4, July 1982, pp. 422-427. BibRef 8207

Satoh, K.[Koji], Ooka, A.[Akihiro], Wada, Y.[Yutaka],
Character recognition apparatus,
US_Patent4,542,526, 09/17/1985.
HTML Version. From input stylus. BibRef 8509

Ooi, K.[Katsunori], Hidai, Y.[Yutaka], Kurosawa, Y.[Yoshiaki], Nakamura, Y.[Yoshikatsu],
Method and device for handwritten letter recognition,
US_Patent4,685,142, August 4, 1987
WWW Version. BibRef 8708

Kurosawa, Y.[Yoshiaki],
Similar Pattern Discrimination by Filter Mask Learning with Probabilistic Descent,
SCIA07(958-967).
WWW Version. 0706Feature extraction in OCR. BibRef

Hidai, Y., Ooi, K., Nakamura, Y.,
Stroke Re-Ordering Algorithm for On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition,
ICPR86(934-936). BibRef 8600

Kerrick, D.D., Bovik, A.C.,
Microprocessor-Based Recognition of Handprinted Characters from a Tablet Input,
PR(21), No. 5, 1988, pp. 525-537.
WWW Version. BibRef 8800

Yang, L.P., Prasad, R.,
Online Recognition of Handwritten Characters Using Differential Angles and Structural Descriptors,
PRL(14), No. 12, December 1993, pp. 1019-1024. BibRef 9312

Veltman, S.R., Prasad, R.,
Hidden Markov Models Applied to On-Line Handwritten Isolated Character Recognition,
IP(3), No. 3, May 1994, pp. 314-318.
WWW Version. BibRef 9405

Wilfong, G.T.[Gordon T.], Sinden, F.W.[Frank W.], Ruedisueli, L.,
Online Recognition of Handwritten Symbols,
PAMI(18), No. 9, September 1996, pp. 935-940.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Template Matching. BibRef 9609

Sinden, F.W.[Frank W.], Wilfong, G.T.[Gordon T.],
Method of recognizing handwritten symbols,
US_Patent5,333,209, July 26, 1994.
WWW Version. BibRef 9407

Li, X.L., Yeung, D.Y.,
Online Handwritten Alphanumeric Character-Recognition Using Dominant Points in Strokes,
PR(30), No. 1, January 1997, pp. 31-44.
WWW Version. 9702 BibRef

Yaeger, L.S., Webb, B.J., Lyon, R.F.,
Combining Neural Networks and Context-Driven Search for Online, Printed Handwriting Recognition in the Newton,
AIMag(19), No. 1, Spring 1998, pp. 73-89. 9804 BibRef

Sanchez, E.G., Gonzalez, J.A.G., Dimitriadis, Y.A., Izquierdo, J.M.C., Coronado, J.L.,
Experimental Study of a Novel Neuro Fuzzy System for Online Handwritten Unipen Digit Recognition,
PRL(19), No. 3-4, March 1998, pp. 357-364. 9807 BibRef

Chan, K.F.[Kam-Fai], Yeung, D.Y.[Dit-Yan],
Recognizing on-line handwritten alphanumeric characters through flexible structural matching,
PR(32), No. 7, July 1999, pp. 1099-1114.
WWW Version. BibRef 9907
Earlier:
Elastic Structural Matching for On-Line Handwritten Alphanumeric Character Recognition,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1508-1511).
WWW Version. 9808 BibRef

Chan, K.F.[Kam-Fai], Yeung, D.Y.[Dit-Yan],
PenCalc: a novel application of on-line mathematical expression recognition technology,
ICDAR01(774-778).
WWW Version. 0109 BibRef

Okamoto, M.[Masayoshi], Yamamoto, K.[Kazuhiko],
On-line handwriting character recognition using direction-change features that consider imaginary strokes,
PR(32), No. 7, July 1999, pp. 1115-1128.
WWW Version. BibRef 9907

Okamoto, M.[Masayoshi], Nakamura, A.[Akira], Yamamoto, K.[Kazuhiko],
Direction-Change Features of Imaginary Strokes for On-Line Handwriting Character Recognition,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1747-1751).
WWW Version. 9808 BibRef

Okamoto, M., Yamamoto, K.,
Online Handwriting Character Recognition Method Using Directional and Direction-Change Features,
PRAI(13), No. 7, November 1999, pp. 1041. 0005 BibRef

Okamoto, M., Yamamoto, K.,
On-Line Handwriting Character Recognition Method with Directional Features and Direction-Change Features,
ICDAR97(We-2A) 9708 BibRef

Hu, J.Y.[Jian-Ying], Lim, S.G.[Sok Gek], Brown, M.K.[Michael K.],
Writer independent on-line handwriting recognition using an HMM approach,
PR(33), No. 1, January 2000, pp. 133-147.
WWW Version. 0005 BibRef

Kobayashi, M., Masaki, S., Miyamoto, O., Nakagawa, Y., Komiya, Y., Matsumoto, T.,
RAV (Reparameterized Angle Variations) Algorithm for Online Handwriting Recognition,
IJDAR(3), No. 3, 2001, pp. 181-191.
HTML Version. 0105 BibRef

Masaki, S., Kobayashi, M., Miyamoto, O., Nakagawa, Y., Matsumoto, T.,
An On-Line Handwriting Character Recognition Algorithm RAV (Reparameterized Angle Variations),
ICDAR97(We-2A) 9708 BibRef

Jaeger, S., Manke, S., Reichert, J., Waibel, A.,
Online Handwriting Recognition: The NPen++ Recognizer,
IJDAR(3), No. 3, 2001, pp. 169-180.
HTML Version. 0105 BibRef

Manke, S., Finke, M., Waibel, A.,
Combining bitmaps with dynamic writing information for on-line handwriting recognition,
ICPR94(B:596-598).
WWW Version. 9410 BibRef

Jaeger, S., Nakagawa, M.,
The Callpaper Concept: Turning Paper into Computer Terminals,
ICDAR03(1065-1069).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Vuori, V.[Vuokko], Laaksonen, J.T.[Jorma T.], Kangas, J.[Jari],
Influence of erroneous learning samples on adaptation in on-line handwriting recognition,
PR(35), No. 4, April 2002, pp. 915-925.
WWW Version. 0201 BibRef

Vuori, V., Laaksonen, J.T.,
A comparison of techniques for automatic clustering of handwritten characters,
ICPR02(III: 168-171).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Vuori, V., Laaksonen, J.T., Oja, E., Kangas, J.,
Experiments with adaptation strategies for a prototype-based recognition system for isolated handwritten characters,
IJDAR(3), No. 3, 2001, pp. 150-159.
HTML Version. 0105 BibRef
And:
Speeding up on-line recognition of handwritten characters by pruning the prototype set,
ICDAR01(501-505).
WWW Version. 0109 BibRef
Earlier:
Controlling On-line Adaptation of a Prototype-based Classifier for Handwritten Characters,
ICPR00(Vol II: 331-334).
WWW Version.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Bouwhuisen, C.F.[Chris F.], Meulenbroek, R.G.J.[Ruud G.J.], Thomassen, A.J.W.M.[Arnold J.W.M.],
A 3D motion-tracking method in graphonomic research: possible applications in future handwriting recognition studies,
PR(35), No. 5, May 2002, pp. 1039-1047.
WWW Version. 0202 BibRef

Djeziri, S., Guerfali, W., Plamondon, R., Robert, J.M.,
Learning handwriting with pen-based systems: computational issues,
PR(35), No. 5, May 2002, pp. 1049-1057.
WWW Version. 0202 BibRef

Shin, J.P.[Jung-Pil],
Optimal stroke-correspondence search method for on-line character recognition,
PRL(23), No. 5, March 2002, pp. 601-608.
HTML Version. 0202 BibRef

Uchida, S.[Seiichi], Sakoe, H.[Hiroaki],
Eigen-deformations for elastic matching based handwritten character recognition,
PR(36), No. 9, September 2003, pp. 2031-2040.
WWW Version. 0307 BibRef
And:
Handwritten character recognition using elastic matching based on a class-dependent deformation model,
ICDAR03(163-167).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef
Earlier:
A handwritten character recognition method based on unconstrained elastic matching and eigen-deformations,
FHR02(72-77).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef
Earlier:
Piecewise Linear Two-dimensional Warping,
ICPR00(Vol III: 538-541).
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Mitoma, H., Uchida, S.[Seiichi], Sakoe, H.[Hiroaki],
Online character recognition based on elastic matching and quadratic discrimination,
ICDAR05(I: 36-40).
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Ronee, M.A., Uchida, S.[Seiichi], Sakoe, H.[Hiroaki],
Handwritten character recognition using piecewise linear two-dimensional warping,
ICDAR01(39-43).
WWW Version. 0109 BibRef

Uchida, S., Ronee, M.A., Sakoe, H.,
Using eigen-deformations in handwritten character recognition,
ICPR02(I: 572-575).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Matsumoto, N., Uchida, S., Sakoe, H.,
Prototype setting for elastic matching-based image pattern recognition,
ICPR04(I: 224-227).
WWW Version. 0409 BibRef

Artières, T., Gauthier, N., Gallinari, P., Dorizzi, B.,
A Hidden Markov Models combination framework for handwriting recognition,
IJDAR(5), No. 4, July 2003, pp. 233-243.
HTML Version. 0308 BibRef

Artieres, T.[Thierry], Marukatat, S.[Sanparith], and Gallinari, P.[Patrick],
Online Handwritten Shape Recognition Using Segmental Hidden Markov Models,
PAMI(29), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 205-217.
WWW Version. 0701Learning without tuning, from few samples, and incremental learning. Apply to Latin and Asian characters plus other symbols, and shapes. BibRef

Artières, T., Marchand, J., Gallinari, P., Dorizzi, B.,
Multi-modal Segmental Models for On-line Handwriting Recognition,
ICPR00(Vol II: 247-250).
WWW Version.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Marukatat, S., Sicard, R., Artieres, T., Gallinari, P.,
A flexible recognition engine for complex on-line handwritten character recognition,
ICDAR03(1048-1052).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Artieres, T., Gallinari, P.,
Stroke level HMMs for on-line handwriting recognition,
FHR02(227-232).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef

Binsztok, H.[Henri], Artières, T.[Thierry],
Learning Model Structure from Data: An Application to On-Line Handwriting,
ELCVIA(5), No. 2, 2005, pp. 30-46.
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Bahlmann, C.[Claus], Burkhardt, H.[Hans],
The Writer Independent Online Handwriting Recognition System frog on hand and Cluster Generative Statistical Dynamic Time Warping,
PAMI(26), No. 3, March 2004, pp. 299-310.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402Frog on hand is the name of the system. HMM based method. BibRef

Bahlmann, C., Haasdonk, B., Burkhardt, H.,
On-line handwriting recognition with support vector machines: A kernel approach,
FHR02(49-54).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef

Bahlmann, C.[Claus],
Directional features in online handwriting recognition,
PR(39), No. 1, January 2006, pp. 115-125.
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef

Wienecke, M.[Markus], Fink, G.A.[Gernot A.], Sagerer, G.[Gerhard],
Toward automatic video-based whiteboard reading,
IJDAR(7), No. 2-3, July 2005, pp. 188-200.
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef
Earlier:
Towards automatic video-based whiteboard reading,
ICDAR03(87-91).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef
Earlier:
A Handwriting Recognition System Based on Visual Input,
CVS01(63-72). 0106 BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A3:
Video-based on-line handwriting recognition,
ICDAR01(226-230).
WWW Version. 0109 BibRef

Fink, G.A., Plotz, T.,
On appearance-based feature extraction methods for writer-independent handwritten text recognition,
ICDAR05(II: 1070-1074).
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Oudot, L.[Loïc], Prevost, L.[Lionel], Milgram, M.[Maurice],
Self-supervised adaptation for on-line script text recognition,
ELCVIA(5), No. 2, 2005, pp. 87-97.
WWW Version. BibRef 0500
Earlier:
Dynamic recognition in the omni-writer frame: Application to hand-printed text recognition,
ICDAR01(1035-1039).
WWW Version. 0109 See also Hybrid generative/discriminative classifier for unconstrained character recognition. BibRef

Oudot, L., Prevost, L., Moises, A., Milgram, M.,
Self-supervised writer adaptation using perceptive concepts: application to on-line text recognition,
ICPR04(II: 598-601).
WWW Version. 0409 BibRef

Biem, A.[Alain],
Minimum Classification Error Training for Online Handwriting Recognition,
PAMI(28), No. 7, July 2006, pp. 1041-1051.
WWW Version. 0606 BibRef
Earlier:
A Model Selection Criterion for Classification: Application to HMM Topology Optimization,
ICDAR03(104-108).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef
Minimum classification error training for online handwritten word recognition,
FHR02(61-66).
IEEE Top Reference. 020917% error reduction compared to maxximul likelihood system. BibRef

Kumara, K.[Karthik], Agrawal, R.[Rahul], Bhattacharyya, C.[Chiranjib],
A large margin approach for writer independent online handwriting classification,
PRL(29), No. 7, 1 May 2008, pp. 933-937.
WWW Version. 0804Time-series classification; Kernels; Online handwriting recognition BibRef

Baba, D., Uchida, S., Sakoe, H.,
Predictive DP Matching for On-Line Character Recognition,
ICDAR07(674-678).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Dinesh, M., Sridhar, M.K.[Murali Krishna],
A Feature based on Encoding the Relative Position of a Point in the Character for Online Handwritten Character Recognition,
ICDAR07(1014-1017).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Ma, L., Soong, F., Liu, P., Wu, Y.J.,
A MSD-HMM Approach to Pen Trajectory Modeling for Online Handwriting Recognition,
ICDAR07(128-132).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Sriraghavendra, E., Karthik, K., Bhattacharyya, C.,
Fréchet Distance Based Approach for Searching Online Handwritten Documents,
ICDAR07(461-465).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Syeda-Mahmood, T.F.[Tanveer F.], Zimmerman, T.[Thomas],
FormPad: A Camera-Assisted Digital Notepad,
ACCV06(II:193-203).
WWW Version. 0601 BibRef

Okumura, D., Uchida, S., Sakoe, H.,
An HMM implementation for on-line handwriting recognition based on pen-coordinate feature and pen-direction feature,
ICDAR05(I: 26-30).
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Willems, D., Vuurpijl, L.,
A Bayesian Network Approach to Mode Detection for Interactive Maps,
ICDAR07(869-873).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Willems, D., Rossignol, S., Vuurpijl, L.,
Mode detection in on-line pen drawing and handwriting recognition,
ICDAR05(I: 31-35).
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Choi, H.[Hyunil], Cho, S.J.[Sung-Jung], Kim, J.H.,
Generation of handwritten characters with Bayesian network based on-line handwriting recognizers,
ICDAR03(995-999).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Bouteruche, F., Anquetil, E., Ragot, N.,
Handwritten gesture recognition driven by the spatial context of strokes,
ICDAR05(II: 1221-1225).
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Anquetil, E., Bouchereau, R.,
Integration of an on-line handwriting recognition system in a smart phone device,
ICPR02(III: 192-195).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Ragot, N., Anquetil, E.,
A generic hybrid classifier based on hierarchical fuzzy modeling: experiments on on-line handwritten character recognition,
ICDAR03(963-967).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Vinciarelli, A., Perone, M.,
Combining online and offline handwriting recognition,
ICDAR03(844-848).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Velek, O., Nakagawa, M.,
Enhancing efficiency and speed of an off-line classifier employed for on-line handwriting recognition of a large character set,
ICDAR03(784-788).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Nakamura, A., Kawajiri, H.,
Bigram-based post-processing for on-line handwriting recognition using correctness evaluation,
FHR02(90-95).
IEEE Top Reference. 0209 BibRef

Subrahmonia, J., Zimmerman, T.,
Pen Computing: Challenges and Applications,
ICPR00(Vol II: 60-66).
WWW Version.
HTML Version. 0009 BibRef

Hebert, J.F.[Jean-Francois], Parizeau, M.[Marc], Ghazzali, N.[Nadia],
A New Fuzzy Geometric Representation for On-Line Isolated Character Recognition,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1121-1123).
WWW Version. 9808 BibRef

Nakagawa, M., Higashiyama, T., Yamanaka, Y., Sawada, S., Higashigawa, L., Akiyama, K.,
On-Line Handwritten Character Pattern Database Sampled in a Sequence of Sentences without Any Writing Instructions,
ICDAR97(Tu-3A) 9708 BibRef

Bunke, H., Ammann, R., Kaufmann, G., Ha, T.M., Schenkel, M., Seiler, R., Eggimann, F.,
Recovery of Temporal Information of Cursively Handwritten Words for On-Line Recognition,
ICDAR97(We-2A) 9708 BibRef

Hennig, A., Sherkat, N., Whitrow, R.J.,
Recognising Letters in On-Line Handwriting Using Hierarchical Fuzzy Inference,
ICDAR97(We-2A) 9708 BibRef

Moin, S., Brault, J.J.,
Structure Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Documents Based on SGML,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708 BibRef

Cuhadar, A., Downton, A.C.,
Scalable parallel processing design for real time handwritten OCR,
ICPR94(C:339-341).
WWW Version. 9410 BibRef

Klauer, B., Waldschmidt, K., Goethe, J.W.,
An object-oriented pen-based recognizer for handprinted characters,
CAIP93(586-593).
WWW Version. 9309 BibRef

Kim, J., Tappert, C.C.,
Handwriting Recognition Accuracy Versus Tablet Resolution and Sampling Rate,
ICPR84(917-918). BibRef 8400

Tappert, C.C.,
Adaptive On-Line Handwriting Recognition,
ICPR84(1004-1007). BibRef 8400

Plamondon, R., Baron, R.,
On-Line Recognition of Handprint Schematic Pseudocode for Automatic Fortran Code Generation,
ICPR86(741-744). BibRef 8600

Sakai, T., Odako, K., Toida, T.,
Several Approaches to Development of On-Line Handwritten Character Input Equipment,
ICPR84(1052-1054). BibRef 8400

Lorette, G.,
On-Line Handwritten Signature Recognition Based on Data Analysis and Clustering,
ICPR84(1284-1287). BibRef 8400

Gaines, B.R., McKellar, I.D., Dinger, W.P., Fast, S.R., Fowles, B.J., Fraccaro, M.A., Jolivet, G.C., Maludzinski, A.B.,
Some Experience in the Real-Time Processing of Handwriting,
ICPR84(630-632). BibRef 8400

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Handwritten Characters, Cursive Script, Surveys, Data, Comparisons .