23.2.8 Detection and Correction of Document Skew, and other Distortions

Baird, H.S.,
The Skew Angle of Printed Documents,
SPSE(40), 1987, pp. 21-24. BibRef 8700

Schlang, A.[Arthur],
Text line bounding system,
US_Patent4,558,461, Dec 10, 1985
WWW Version. Adjust for skew. BibRef 8512

Barski, L.L.[Lori L.],
Skew detector for digital image processing system,
US_Patent4,866,784, Sep 12, 1989
WWW Version. BibRef 8909

Tsujimoto, S.[Shuichi], Asada, H.[Haruo],
Image inclination detecting method and apparatus,
US_Patent4,878,124, Oct 31, 1989
WWW Version. BibRef 8910

Britt, R.H.[Ronald H.],
Optical character reader with skew recognition,
US_Patent4,941,189, Jul 10, 1990
WWW Version. BibRef 9007

Baird, H.S.[Henry S.],
Apparatus and method for skew control of document images,
US_Patent5,001,766, March 19, 1991.
WWW Version. BibRef 9103

Nakayama, H.[Hiroshi], Kojima, K.[Keiji], Sato, G.[Gen],
Method of segmenting characters in lines which may be skewed, for allowing improved optical character recognition,
US_Patent5,062,141, October 29, 1991.
WWW Version. BibRef 9110

Ikehira, K.[Kimimasa],
Image processing system having skew correcting means,
US_Patent5,093,653, Mar 3, 1992
WWW Version. BibRef 9203

Katsurada, M.[Morihiro], Shimonaga, S.[Sadaaki],
Facsimile device with skew correction and text line direction detection,
US_Patent5,191,438, Mar 2, 1993
WWW Version. BibRef 9303

Yan, H.[Hong],
Skew Correction of Document Images Using Interline Cross-Correlation,
GMIP(55), No. 6, November 1993, pp. 538-543. BibRef 9311

Guerfali, W., Plamondon, R.,
Normalizing and Restoring On-Line Handwriting,
PR(26), No. 3, March 1993, pp. 419-431.
WWW Version. Skew correction. First correct skew then slant. BibRef 9303

Le, D.S., Thoma, G.R., Wechsler, H.,
Automated Page Orientation and Skew Angle Detection for Binary Document Images,
PR(27), No. 10, October 1994, pp. 1325-1344.
WWW Version. BibRef 9410
And: Correction: PR(27), No. 12, December 1994, p. 1823. BibRef

Yu, B.[Bin], Jain, A.K.,
A Robust and Fast Skew Detection Algorithm for Generic Documents,
PR(29), No. 10, October 1996, pp. 1599-1629.
WWW Version. Skew Detection. Hough Transform. BibRef 9610

Pal, U., Chaudhuri, B.B.,
An Improved Document Skew Angle Estimation Technique,
PRL(17), No. 8, July 1 1996, pp. 899-904. 9608
BibRef

Chaudhuri, B.B., Pal, U.,
Skew Angle Detection of Digitized Indian Script Documents,
PAMI(19), No. 2, February 1997, pp. 182-186.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9703
Applied to Devnagari and Bangla scripts. Both of these have a "head line" which enable finding digital straight lines which should be horizontal. BibRef

Pal, U., Mitra, M., Chaudhuri, B.B.,
Multi-skew detection of Indian script documents,
ICDAR01(292-296).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Kawanaka, S.[Seido], Yoshikawa, M.[Mituo], Naito, H.[Hiroyoshi],
Method for detecting inclination of an image of characters,
US_Patent5,546,479, Aug 13, 1996
WWW Version. BibRef 9608

Avanindra, Chaudhuri, S.,
Robust Defection Of Skew In Document Images,
IP(6), No. 2, February 1997, pp. 344-349.
IEEE DOI Link 9703
BibRef

Gatos, B., Papamarkos, N., Chamzas, C.,
Skew Detection and Text Line-Position Determination in Digitized Documents,
PR(30), No. 9, September 1997, pp. 1505-1519.
WWW Version. 9708
BibRef

Amin, A., Fischer, S., Parkinson, A.F., Shiu, R.,
Comparative-Study of Skew Detection Algorithms,
JEI(5), No. 4, October 1996, pp. 443-451. 9709
BibRef

Jiang, H.F., Han, C.C., Fan, K.C.,
A Fast Approach to the Detection and Correction of Skew Documents,
PRL(18), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 675-686. 9711
BibRef

Jiang, H.F., Han, C.C., Fan, K.C.,
A Fast Approach to Detect and Correct Skew Documents,
ICPR96(III: 742-746).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(Academia Sinica, ROC) BibRef

Ishitani, Y.[Yasuto],
Document skew detection/control system for printed document images containing a mixture of pure text lines and non-text portions,
US_Patent5,506,918, April 9, 1996.
WWW Version. BibRef 9604

Kanai, J.[Junichi], and Bagdanov, A.D.[Andrew D.],
Projection Profile Based Skew Estimation,
IJDAR(1), No. 1, Spring 1998, pp. xx-yy. BibRef 9800
Earlier: A2, A1:
Projection Profile Based Skew Estimation Algorithm for JPEG Compressed Images,
ICDAR97(Tu-3B) 9708
BibRef

Spitz, A.L.[A. Lawrence],
Determination of image skew angle from data including data in compressed form,
US_Patent5,245,676, Sep 14, 1993
WWW Version. BibRef 9309
Earlier:
Skew Angle Determination in Group 4 Compressed Document Images,
SDAIR92(11-25). BibRef

Spitz, A.L.[A. Lawrence],
Correcting for variable skew in document images,
IJDAR(6), No. 3, March 2004, pp. 192-200.
Springer DOI Link 0406
BibRef
Earlier:
Correcting for Variable Skew,
DAS02(179 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303
BibRef

Cullen, J.F.[John F.], Ejiri, K.[Koichi],
Skew detection and correction of a document image representation,
US_Patent5,854,854, Dec 29, 1998
WWW Version. BibRef 9812

Gross, A.[Ari], Latecki, L.J.[Longin Jan],
Digital geometric methods in document image analysis,
PR(32), No. 3, March 1999, pp. 407-424.
WWW Version. BibRef 9903

Hu, D.L.[Dong-Liang], Qi, F.H.[Fei-Hu], Liu, J.F.[Jian-Feng],
Recognition of objects with skew distortion based on synergetics,
PRL(20), No. 3, March 1999, pp. 255-265. BibRef 9903

Messelodi, S., Modena, C.M.,
Automatic identification and skew estimation of text lines in real scene images,
PR(32), No. 5, May 1999, pp. 791-810.
WWW Version. BibRef 9905

Farrow, G.S.D., Ireton, M.A., Xydeas, C.S.,
Detecting the skew angle in document images,
SP:IC(6), No. 2, May 1994, pp. 101-114.
WWW Version. BibRef 9405

Safari, R., Narasimhamurthi, N., Shridhar, M., Ahmadi, M.,
Document Registration Using Projective Geometry,
IP(6), No. 9, September 1997, pp. 1337-1341.
IEEE DOI Link 9709
BibRef

Goto, H.[Hideaki], Aso, H.[Hirotomo],
Extracting Curved Text Lines Using Local Linearity of Text Line,
IJDAR(2), No. 2/3, 1999, pp. 111-119. 9912
BibRef

Goto, H.[Hideaki], Aso, H.[Hirotomo],
An Algorithm for Reducing Text Line Candidates of Incorrect Orientation,
MVA98(xx-yy). BibRef 9800
And:
A Framework for Detecting and Selecting Text Line Candidates of Correct Orientation,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1074-1076).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef

Okun, O.[Oleg], Pietikäinen, M.[Matti], Sauvola, J.[Jaakko],
Document skew estimation without angle range restriction,
IJDAR(2), No. 2/3, 1999, pp. 132-144. 9912
BibRef

Okun, O.[Oleg], Pietikäinen, M.[Matti], Sauvola, J.[Jaakko],
Robust Document Skew Detection Based on Line Extraction,
SCIA99(Pattern Recognition II). BibRef 9900

Chen, Y.K.[Yi-Kai], Wang, J.F.[Jhing-Fa],
Skew detection and reconstruction based on maximization of variance of transition-counts,
PR(33), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 195-208.
WWW Version. 0001
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
Skew angle estimation in document processing using Cohen's class distributions,
PRL(20), No. 11-13, November 1999, pp. 1305-1311. 0001
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
A slant removal algorithm,
PR(33), No. 7, July 2000, pp. 1261-1262.
WWW Version. 0005
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
Skew angle estimation for printed and handwritten documents using the Wigner-Ville distribution,
IVC(20), No. 11, September 2002, pp. 813-824.
WWW Version. 0209
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
Slant estimation algorithm for OCR systems,
PR(34), No. 12, December 2001, pp. 2515-2522.
WWW Version. 0110
BibRef

Liolios, N., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
On the generalization of the form identification and skew detection problem,
PR(35), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 253-264.
WWW Version. 0111
BibRef

Liolios, N., Fakotakis, N., Kokkinakis, G.,
Improved Document Skew Detection Based on Text Line Connected-component Clustering,
ICIP01(I: 1098-1101).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Kavallieratou, E., Balcan, D.C., Popa, M.F., Fakotakis, N.,
Handwritten Text Localization in Skewed Documents,
ICIP01(I: 1102-1105).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Caprari, R.S.[Robert S.],
Algorithm for text page up/down orientation determination,
PRL(21), No. 3, March 2000, pp. 311-317. 0004
BibRef

Amin, A., Fischer, S.,
A Document Skew Detection Method Using the Hough Transform,
PAA(3), No. 3 2000, pp. 243-253. 0010
BibRef

Amin, A., Wu, S.,
Robust skew detection in mixed text/graphics documents,
ICDAR05(I: 247-251).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Slavík, P.[Petr], Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Equivalence of Different Methods for Slant and Skew Corrections in Word Recognition Applications,
PAMI(23), No. 3, March 2001, pp. 323-326.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0103
Correct skew by rotation then slant by shear in horizontal is equivalent to first slant by shear in horizontal then skew by shear in bertical. BibRef

Yin, P.Y.,
Skew detection and block classification of printed documents,
IVC(19), No. 8, May 2001, pp. 567-579.
WWW Version. 0106
BibRef

Kwag, H.K., Kim, S.H., Jeong, S.H., Lee, G.S.,
Efficient skew estimation and correction algorithm for document images,
IVC(20), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 25-35.
WWW Version. 0201
BibRef

Das, A.K., Chanda, B.,
A fast algorithm for skew detection of document images using morphology,
IJDAR(4), No. 2 2001, pp. 109-114.
HTML Version. 0201
BibRef

Au, K.M.[Ka Man], Zhu, Z.X.[Zaio-Xun],
Skew processing of raster scan images,
US_Patent6,490,376, Dec 3, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef 0212

Cao, Y.[Yang], Wang, S.H.[Shu-Hua], Li, H.[Heng],
Skew detection and correction in document images based on straight-line fitting,
PRL(24), No. 12, August 2003, pp. 1871-1879.
WWW Version. 0304
BibRef

Lu, Y.[Yue], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
A nearest-neighbor chain based approach to skew estimation in document images,
PRL(24), No. 14, October 2003, pp. 2315-2323.
WWW Version. 0307
BibRef
Earlier:
Improved nearest neighbor based approach to accurate document skew estimation,
ICDAR03(503-507).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
BibRef

Yuan, B.[Bo], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Fiducial line based skew estimation,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2333-2350.
WWW Version. 0510
BibRef
Earlier:
Skew estimation for scanned documents from 'noises',
ICDAR05(I: 277-281).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef
Earlier:
Skewscope : the textual document skew detector,
ICDAR03(49-53).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
BibRef

Yuan, B.[Bo], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Convex hull based skew estimation,
PR(40), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 456-475.
WWW Version. 0611
Component grouping; Page segmentation; Convex hulls; Segregation effect; See also Restoring Warped Document Images through 3D Shape Modeling. BibRef

Navon, Y.[Yaakov],
Skew detection of text in a noisy digitized image,
US_Patent6,687,421, February 3, 2004.
WWW Version. BibRef 0402

Lu, H., Kot, A.C., Shi, Y.Q.,
Distance-Reciprocal Distortion Measure for Binary Document Images,
SPLetters(11), No. 2, February 2004, pp. 228-231.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402
Distortion measure for images. BibRef

Cheng, J., Kot, A.C.,
Objective Distortion Measure for Binary Text Image Based on Edge Line Segment Similarity,
IP(16), No. 6, June 2007, pp. 1691-1695.
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Lu, H.P.[Hai-Ping], Wang, J.[Jian], Kot, A.C., Shi, Y.Q.,
An objective distortion measure for binary document images based on human visual perception,
ICPR02(IV: 239-242).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Seales, W.B.[W. Brent],
Image Restoration of Arbitrarily Warped Documents,
PAMI(26), No. 10, October 2004, pp. 1295-1306.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0409
BibRef
Earlier:
Document Restoration Using 3D Shape: A General Deskewing Algorithm for Arbitrarily Warped Documents,
ICCV01(II: 367-374).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
Acquire and flatten the 3-D shape then apply that to the document. Avoid damage to documents in copying. BibRef

Kapoor, R.[Rajiv], Bagai, D.[Deepak], Kamal, T.S.,
A new algorithm for skew detection and correction,
PRL(25), No. 11, August 2004, pp. 1215-1229.
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Tonazzini, A.[Anna], Bedini, L.[Luigi], Salerno, E.[Emanuele],
Independent component analysis for document restoration,
IJDAR(7), No. 1, March 2004, pp. 17-27.
Springer DOI Link 0410
BibRef

Lu, S.J.[Shi-Jian], Chen, B.M.[Ben M.], Ko, C.C.,
Perspective rectification of document images using fuzzy set and morphological operations,
IVC(23), No. 5, 1 May 2005, pp. 541-553.
WWW Version. 0501
BibRef
Earlier:
Document image rectification using fuzzy sets and morphological operators,
ICIP04(V: 2877-2880).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Myers, G.K.[Gregory K.], Bolles, R.C.[Robert C.], Luong, Q.T.[Quang-Tuan], Herson, J.A.[James A.], Aradhye, H.B.[Hrishikesh B.],
Rectification and recognition of text in 3-D scenes,
IJDAR(7), No. 2-3, July 2005, pp. 147-158.
Springer DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Aradhye, H.B.[Hrishikesh B.],
A generic method for determining up/down orientation of text in Roman and non-Roman scripts,
PR(38), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 2114-2131.
WWW Version. 0509
BibRef
Earlier:
A generic method for determining the up/down orientation of text in Roman and non-Roman scripts,
ICDAR05(I: 187-191).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Yamaguchi, T.[Takuma], Maruyama, M.[Minoru], Miyao, H.[Hidetoshi], Nakano, Y.[Yasuaki],
Digit recognition in a natural scene with skew and slant normalization,
IJDAR(7), No. 2-3, July 2005, pp. 168-177.
Springer DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Park, J.H., Jang, I.H., Kim, N.C.,
Skew correction of business card images acquired in PDA,
VISP(152), No. 6, December 2005, pp. 668-676.
WWW Version. 0512
BibRef

Shin, K.T., Jang, I.H., Kim, N.C.,
Block adaptive binarisation of ill-conditioned business card images acquired in a PDA using a modified quadratic filter,
IET-IPR(1), No. 1, March 2007, pp. 56-66.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Aradhya, V.N.M.[V. N. Manjunath], Hemantha Kumar, G., Shivakumara, P.,
A Novel Skew Detection Technique for Binary Document Images Based on Character Centroid And Lra,
GVIP(05), No. V9, 2005, pp. xx-yy.
HTML Version. BibRef 0500

Shivakumara, P., Hemantha Kumar, G.,
A novel boundary growing approach for accurate skew estimation of binary document images,
PRL(27), No. 7, May 2006, pp. 791-801.
WWW Version. 0604
Boundary growing; Linear regression analysis BibRef

Shivakumara, P., Hemantha Kumar, G., Varsha, H.S., Rekha, S., Rashmi Nayaka, M.R.,
A new moments based skew estimation technique using pixels in the word for binary document images,
ICDAR05(I: 151-156).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Vasudev, T., Hemanth Kumar, G., Nagabhushan, P.,
Transformation of arc-form-text to linear-form-text suitable for OCR,
PRL(28), No. 16, December 2007, pp. 2343-2351.
WWW Version. 0711
Artistic-text; Arc-form-text; Linear-form-text; Tilt deformation; OCR More than skew. BibRef

Brown, M.S., Tsoi, Y.C.[Yau-Chat],
Geometric and Shading Correction for Images of Printed Materials Using Boundary,
IP(15), No. 6, June 2006, pp. 1544-1554.
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1:
Geometric and shading correction for images of printed materials a unified approach using boundary,
CVPR04(I: 240-246).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0408
BibRef

Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Tsoi, Y.C.[Yau-Chat],
Distortion Removal For Camera-imaged Print Materials Using Boundary Interpolation,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 311-328. 0504
BibRef

Tsoi, Y.C.[Yau-Chat], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.],
Multi-View Document Rectification using Boundary,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Hutchison, L.A.D.[Luke A. D.], Barrett, W.A.[William A.],
Fourier-Mellin registration of line-delineated tabular document images,
IJDAR(8), No. 2-3, June 2006, pp. 87-110.
Springer DOI Link 0606
BibRef
And:
Fast registration of tabular document images using the Fourier-Mellin transform,
DIAL04(253-267).
IEEE DOI Link 0404
BibRef

Chou, C.H.[Chien-Hsing], Chu, S.Y.[Shih-Yu], Chang, F.[Fu],
Estimation of skew angles for scanned documents based on piecewise covering by parallelograms,
PR(40), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 443-455.
WWW Version. 0611
Piecewise covering; Skew angle; Skew angle estimation BibRef

Li, S.T.[Shu-Tao], Shen, Q.H.[Qing-Hua], Sun, J.[Jun],
Skew detection using wavelet decomposition and projection profile analysis,
PRL(28), No. 5, 1 April 2007, pp. 555-562.
WWW Version. 0703
Skew detection; Document analysis; Projection profile analysis; Wavelet transform BibRef

Basu, S., Chaudhuri, C., Kundu, M., Nasipuri, M., Basu, D.K.,
Text line extraction from multi-skewed handwritten documents,
PR(40), No. 6, June 2007, pp. 1825-1839.
WWW Version. 0704
OCR; Multi-skewed documents; Text line extraction; Connected component labelling; Skew angle detection; Touching line segmentation BibRef

Wiart, A.[Alain], Paquet, T.[Thierry], Heutte, L.[Laurent],
Detection and recognition of erasures in on-line captured paper forms,
PRL(28), No. 10, 15 July 2007, pp. 1263-1270.
WWW Version. 0706
Erasure detection; Erasure characterization; On-line recognition; Pen based applications; Forms BibRef

Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Sun, M.[Mingxuan], Yang, R.G.[Rui-Gang], Yun, L.[Lin], Seales, W.B.[W. Brent],
Restoring 2D Content from Distorted Documents,
PAMI(29), No. 11, November 2007, pp. 1904-1916.
IEEE DOI Link 0711
BibRef

Landon, G.V.[George V.], Yun, L.[Lin], Seales, W.B.[W. Brent],
Towards Automatic Photometric Correction of Casually Illuminated Documents,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Sun, M.X.[Ming-Xuan], Yang, R.G.[Rui-Gang], Yun, L.[Lin], Landon, G.V.[George V.], Seales, W.B.[W. Brent], Brown, M.S.[Michael S.],
Geometric and Photometric Restoration of Distorted Documents,
ICCV05(II: 1117-1123).
IEEE DOI Link 0510
BibRef

Brown, M.S.[Michael S.], Pisula, C.J.[Charles J.],
Conformal Deskewing of Non-Planar Documents,
CVPR05(I: 998-1004).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef

Yun, L.[Lin], Seales, W.B.[W. Brent],
Opaque Document Imaging: Building Images of Inaccessible Texts,
ICCV05(I: 662-669).
IEEE DOI Link 0510
An image of a rolled document from penetrating scans. From high-res CT scans. BibRef

Manjunath, A.V.N., Hemantha, K.G., Noushath, S.,
Document Skew Detection: A Novel Approach,
IJIG(8), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 47-59. 0801
BibRef

Amin, A.[Adnan], Wu, S.[Sue],
A Robust System For Thresholding And Skew Detection In Mixed Text/graphics Documents,
IJIG(5), No. 2, April 2005, pp. 247-265. 0504
BibRef

Liu, H.[Hong], Wu, Q.[Qi], Zha, H.B.[Hong-Bin], Liu, X.P.[Xue-Ping],
Skew detection for complex document images using robust borderlines in both text and non-text regions,
PRL(29), No. 13, 1 October 2008, pp. 1893-1900.
WWW Version. 0804
Document analysis; Skew detection; Robust borderline; Linear filter; Optimization BibRef

Singh, C.[Chandan], Bhatia, N.[Nitin], Kaur, A.[Amandeep],
Hough transform based fast skew detection and accurate skew correction methods,
PR(41), No. 12, December 2008, pp. 3528-3546.
WWW Version. 0810
Skew detection; Skew correction; Hough transform; Rotation BibRef

Haji, M.M.[M. Mehdi], Bui, T.D.[Tien D.], Suen, C.Y.[Ching Y.],
Simultaneous Document Margin Removal and Skew Correction Based on Corner Detection in Projection Profiles,
CIAP09(1025-1034).
Springer DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Zaremba, R.[Ryan], Wirth, M.[Michael],
Suppression of Foxing in Historical Books Using Inpainting,
ICIAR09(855-864).
Springer DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Lins, R.D.[Rafael Dueire],
A Taxonomy for Noise in Images of Paper Documents: The Physical Noises,
ICIAR09(844-854).
Springer DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Arvind, K.R., Kumar, J.[Jayant], Ramakrishnan, A.G.,
Entropy Based Skew Correction of Document Images,
PReMI07(495-502).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Aradhya, V.N.M.[V. N. Manjunath], Rao, A.[Ashok], Kumar, G.H.[G. Hemantha],
Language Independent Skew Estimation Technique Based on Gaussian Mixture Models: A Case Study on South Indian Scripts,
PReMI07(487-494).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Yin, X.C., Sun, J., Naoi, S., Fujimoto, K., Fujii, Y., Kurokawa, K., Takebe, H.,
A Multi-Stage Strategy to Perspective Rectification for Mobile Phone Camera-Based Document Images,
ICDAR07(574-578).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Lu, S.J., Wang, J., Tan, C.L.,
Fast and Accurate Detection of Document Skew and Orientation,
ICDAR07(684-688).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Egozi, A., Dinstein, I., Chapran, J., Fairhurst, M.C.,
An EM Based Algorithm for Skew Detection,
ICDAR07(277-281).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Makridis, M.[Michael], Nikolaou, N.[Nikos], Papamarkos, N.[Nikos],
A New Technique for Global and Local Skew Correction in Binary Documents,
ACIVS07(877-887).
Springer DOI Link 0708
BibRef

Xie, F.Y.[Feng-Ying], Jiang, Z.G.[Zhi-Guo], Wang, L.[Lei],
Skew Detection Algorithm for Form Document Based on Elongate Feature,
EMMCVPR07(127-136).
Springer DOI Link 0708
BibRef

Dhandra, B.V., Malemath, V.S., Hangarge, M.[Mallikarjun], Hegadi, R.[Ravindra],
Skew Detection in Binary Image Documents Based on Image Dilation and Region labeling Approach,
ICPR06(II: 954-957).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Liu, L.[Lin], Zhang, S.Y.[San-Yuan], Zhang, Y.[Yin], Ye, X.Z.[Xiu-Zi],
Slant Correction of Vehicle License Plate Image,
CIAP05(237-244).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Dong, J.X.[Jian-Xiong], Dominique, P., Krzyyzak, A., Suen, C.Y.,
Cursive word skew/slant corrections based on Radon transform,
ICDAR05(I: 478-483).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Xi, D.H.[Di-Hua], Kamel, M.[Mohamed], Lee, S.W.[Seong-Whan],
Skew Estimation and Correction for Form Documents Using Wavelet Decomposition,
ICIAR05(182-190).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Lins, R.D.[Rafael Dueire], Ávila, B.T.[Bruno Tenório], de Araújo Formiga, A.[Andrei],
BigBatch: An Environment for Processing Monochromatic Documents,
ICIAR06(II: 886-896).
Springer DOI Link 0610
See also Efficient Removal of Noisy Borders of Monochromatic Documents. BibRef

Lins, R.D.[Rafael Dueire], Ávila, B.T.[Bruno Tenório],
A New Algorithm for Skew Detection in Images of Documents,
ICIAR04(II: 234-240).
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Pastor, M.[Moisés], Toselli, A.[Alejandro], Vidal, E.[Enrique],
Projection Profile Based Algorithm for Slant Removal,
ICIAR04(II: 183-190).
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Tonazzini, A., Gerace, I., Cricco, F.,
Joint blind separation and restoration of mixed degraded images for document analysis,
ICIP04(I: 311-314).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Yamashita, A., Kawarago, A., Kaneko, T., Miura, K.T.,
Shape reconstruction and image restoration for non-flat surfaces of documents with a stereo vision system,
ICPR04(I: 482-485).
IEEE DOI Link 0409
BibRef

Cao, H.[Huaigu], Ding, X.Q.[Xiao-Qing], Liu, C.S.[Chang-Song],
A cylindrical surface model to rectify the bound document image,
ICCV03(228-233).
IEEE DOI Link 0311
BibRef
Earlier:
Rectifying the bound document image captured by the camera: A model based approach,
ICDAR03(71-75).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
Model as cylinder, map to a plane. BibRef

Zhu, X.Y.[Xiao-Yan], Yin, X.X.[Xiao-Xin],
A new textual/non-textual classifier for document skew correction,
ICPR02(I: 480-482).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Shi, Z.[Zhixin], Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Line separation for complex document images using fuzzy runlength,
DIAL04(306-312).
IEEE DOI Link 0404
BibRef
Earlier:
Skew detection for complex document images using fuzzy runlength,
ICDAR03(715-719).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
BibRef

Zhou, P.[Peng], Li, L.L.[Lin-Lin], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Character Recognition under Severe Perspective Distortion,
ICDAR09(676-680).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A3, Only: ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Zhang, Z.[Zheng], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Straightening warped text lines using polynomial regression,
ICIP02(III: 977-980).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210
BibRef

Loo, P.K.[Poh Kok], Tan, C.L.[Chew Lim],
Word and Sentence Extraction Using Irregular Pyramid,
DAS02(307 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303
BibRef

Hase, H., Yoneda, M., Shinokawa, T., Suen, C.Y.,
Alignment of free layout color texts for character recognition,
ICDAR01(932-936).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Pilu, M.[Maurizio],
Extraction of Illusory Linear Clues in Perspectively Skewed Documents,
CVPR01(I:363-368).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0110
BibRef

Tao, Y., Ioerger, T., Tang, Y.,
Extraction of Rotation Invariant Signature Based on Fractal Geometry,
ICIP01(I: 1090-1093).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Lavialle, O., Molines, X., Angella, F., Baylou, P.,
Active Contours Network to Straighten Distorted Text Lines,
ICIP01(III: 748-751).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Uchida, S., Taira, E., Sakoe, H.,
Nonuniform slant correction using dynamic programming,
ICDAR01(434-438).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
BibRef

Mahata, K., Ramakrishnan, A.,
A Novel Scheme for Image Rotation for Document Processing,
ICIP00(Vol II: 594-596).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008
BibRef

Safari, R., Narasimhamurthi, N., Shridhar, M.[Mal], Ahmadi, M.,
Extraction of Handwritten Information in Geometrically Distorted Documents,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1298-1300).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef

Peake, G.S., and Tan, T.N.,
A General Algorithm for Document Skew Angle Estimation,
ICIP97(II: 230-233).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9700

Tang, Y.Y., Yang, L., Liu, J.,
Quadratic Spline Wavelet Approach to Automatic Extraction of Baselines from Document Images,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708
BibRef

Sun, C., Si, D.,
Skew and Slant Correction for Document Images Using Gradient Direction,
ICDAR97(Mo-3B) 9708
BibRef

Ben Hadj Ali, M.,
An Object/Segment Oriented Skew-Correction Technique for Document Images,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708
BibRef

Antonacopoulos, A.,
Local Skew Angle Estimation from Background Space in Text Regions,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708
BibRef

Okun, O.[Oleg],
Accurate Method of Document Skew Estimation by PCA,
SCIA97(xx-yy) 9705

HTML Version. BibRef

Cho, S.I.[Seong Ik], Saito, H.[Hideo], Ozawa, S.[Shinji],
A divide-and-conquer strategy in recovering shape of book surface from shading,
CIAP97(II: 262-269).
WWW Version. 9709
BibRef

del Ninno, E., Nicchiotti, G., Ottaviani, E.,
A general and flexible deskewing method based on generalized projection,
CIAP97(II: 632-638).
WWW Version. 9709
BibRef

Ittner, D.,
Automatic Inference of Textline Orientation,
SDAIR92(123-133). BibRef 9200

Weng, Y.[Yun], Zhu, Q.M.[Qiu-Ming],
Nonlinear Shape Restoration for Document Images,
CVPR96(568-573).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Flatten a curved page. BibRef 9600

Min, Y., Cho, S., Lee, Y.,
A Data Reduction Method for Efficient Document Skew Estimation Based on Hough Transformation,
ICPR96(III: 732-736).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(Yonsei Univ., KOR) BibRef

Chen, S.[Su], Haralick, R.M.,
An automatic algorithm for text skew estimation in document images using recursive morphological transforms,
ICIP94(I: 139-143).
IEEE DOI Link 9411
BibRef

Liu, J., Lee, C.M., Shu, R.B.,
An efficient method for the skew normalization of a document image,
ICPR92(III:122-125).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Nakano, Y., Shima, Y., Fujisawa, H., Higashino, J., Fujinawa, M.,
An algorithm for the skew normalization of document image,
ICPR90(II: 8-13).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Hinds, S.C., Fisher, J.L., d'Amato, D.P.,
A Document Skew Detection Method Using Run-Length Encoding and the Hough Transform,
ICPR90(I: 464-468).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9000
And: A2, A1, A3:
A Rule-Based System for Document Image Segmentation,
ICPR90(I: 567-572).
IEEE DOI Link Application, Document Analysis. Hough. 14 rules about characteristics of document components. BibRef

Postl, W.,
Detection of Linear Oblique Structures and Skew Scan in Digitized Documents,
ICPR86(687-689). BibRef 8600

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Enhancement, Restoration of Document Images, Curls .