23.2.9 Word Level Recognition, Language Models

Riseman, E.M., Ehrich, R.W.,
Contextual Word Recognition Using Binary Digrams,
TC(20), 1971, pp. 397-403. BibRef 7100

Pirz, F.C.[Frank C.], Rabiner, L.R.[Lawrence R.], Wilpon, J.G.[Jay G.],
Word recognizer,
US_Patent4,400,828, 08/23/1983.
HTML Version. From a set of reference words. BibRef 8308

Ho, T.K., Hull, J.J., Srihari, S.N.,
A Computational Model for Recognition of Multifont Word Images,
MVA(5), Summer 1992, pp. 157-168. BibRef 9200

Hull, J.J., Srihari, S.N.,
A Computational Approach to Visual Word Recognition: Hypothesis Generation and Testing,
CVPR86(156-161). BibRef 8600

Hull, J.J.,
Hypothesis Testing in a Computational Theory of Visual Word Recognition,
AAAI-87(718-722). BibRef 8700

Hull, J.J.,
The Use of Global Context in Text Recognition,
ICPR86(1218-1220). BibRef 8600

Hull, J.J.,
Hypothesis Generation in a Computational Model for Visual Word Recognition,
IEEE_Expert(1), No. 3, Fall 1986, pp. 63-70. BibRef 8600

Kashyap, R.L., Oommen, B.J.,
Spelling Correction Using Probabilistic Methods,
PRL(2), 1984, pp. 147-154. BibRef 8400

Takahashi, H., Itoh, N., Amano, T., Yamashita, A.,
A spelling correction method and its application to an OCR system,
PR(23), No. 3-4, 1990, pp. 363-377.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Wells, C.J., Evett, L.J., Whitby, P.E., Whitrow, R.J.,
Fast dictionary look-up for contextual word recognition,
PR(23), No. 5, 1990, pp. 501-508.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

de Luca, P.G., Gisotti, A.,
Printed character preclassification based on word structure,
PR(24), No. 7, 1991, pp. 609-615.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Kundu, A.[Amlan], He, Y.[Yang],
On optimal order in modeling sequence of letters in words of common language as a Markov chain,
PR(24), No. 7, 1991, pp. 603-608.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Chen, W.T.[Wen-Tsong], Gader, P.D.[Paul D.], Shi, H.C.[Hong-Chi],
Lexicon-Driven Handwritten Word Recognition Using Optimal Linear Combinations of Order Statistics,
PAMI(21), No. 1, January 1999, pp. 77-82.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9901

Spitz, A.L.[A. Lawrence],
Shape-based word recognition,
ICDAR(1), No. 4 1999, pp. 178-190. BibRef 9900

Al-Badr, B.[Badr], Haralick, R.M.[Robert M.],
A Segmentation-Free Approach to Text Recognition Recognition with Application to Arabic Text,
IJDAR(1), No. 3, December 1998, pp. 147-166. BibRef 9812

Taghva, K.[Kazem], Gilbreth, J.[Jeff],
Recognizing acronyms and their definitions,
ICDAR(1), No. 4 1999, pp. 191-198. BibRef 9900

Ho, T.K.[Tin Kam],
Stop Word Location and Identification for Adaptive Text Recognition,
IJDAR(3), No. 1, 2000, pp. 16-26. 0008
BibRef
Earlier:
Bootstrapping Text Recognition from Stop Words,
ICPR98(Vol I: 605-609).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef

Favata, J.T.[John T.],
Offline General Handwritten Word Recognition Using an Approximate BEAM Matching Algorithm,
PAMI(23), No. 9, September 2001, pp. 1009-1021.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0110
BibRef
Earlier:
General Word Recognition Using Approximate Segment-String Matching,
ICDAR97(Mo-3A) 9708
Handwritten, isolated words. Segment then recognize. Guided by a lexicon. Apply to addresses. BibRef

Favata, J.T.[John T.],
Character Model Word Recognition,
FHR96(437-440). BibRef 9600

Park, J.[Jaehwa], Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Use of adaptive segmentation in handwritten phrase recognition,
PR(35), No. 1, January 2002, pp. 245-252.
WWW Version. 0111
BibRef

Park, J.[Jaehwa], Govindaraju, V.[Venu],
Using Lexical Similarity in Handwritten Word Recognition,
CVPR00(II: 290-295).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0005
Handwriting BibRef

Park, J.[Jaehwa],
An Adaptive Approach to Offline Handwritten Word Recognition,
PAMI(24), No. 7, July 2002, pp. 920-931.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0207
Select features of each word and use constraints from lexicon. Address components of mail. BibRef

Park, J.[Jaehwa], Kwon, Y.B.[Young-Bin],
An Efficient Representation of Hand Sketch Graphic Messages Using Recursive Bezier Curve Approximation,
ICIAR04(I: 392-399).
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Cho, B.J.[Beom-Joon], Kim, J.H.[Jin H.],
Print keyword spotting with dynamically synthesized pseudo 2D HMMs,
PRL(25), No. 9, 2 July 2004, pp. 999-1011.
WWW Version. 0407
BibRef

Perraud, F.[Freddy], Viard-Gaudin, C.[Christian], Morin, E.[Emmanuel], Lallican, P.M.[Pierre-Michel],
Statistical Language Models for On-Line Handwriting Recognition,
IEICE(E88-D), No. 8, August 2005, pp. 1807-1814.
WWW Version. 0508
BibRef

Prochasson, E., Viard-Gaudin, C., Morin, E.,
Language Models for Handwritten Short Message Services,
ICDAR07(83-87).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Schumann, E.T.[Eduardo Torres], Schulz, K.U.[Klaus U.],
Stable methods for recognizing acronym-expansion pairs: From rule sets to hidden Markov models,
IJDAR(8), No. 1, April 2006, pp. 11-26.
Springer DOI Link 0605
BibRef

Marinai, S.[Simone], Marino, E.[Emanuele], Soda, G.[Giovanni],
Font Adaptive Word Indexing of Modern Printed Documents,
PAMI(28), No. 8, August 2006, pp. 1187-1199.
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef
Earlier:
Indexing and retrieval of words in old documents,
ICDAR03(223-227).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
Word level indexing applied where OCR is difficult. BibRef

Marinai, S.[Simone], Marino, E.[Emanuele], Soda, G.[Giovanni],
Transformation invariant SOM clustering in Document Image Analysis,
CIAP07(185-190).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Marinai, S.[Simone], Faini, S.[Stefano], Marino, E.[Emanuele], Soda, G.[Giovanni],
Efficient Word Retrieval by Means of SOM Clustering and PCA,
DAS06(336-347).
Springer DOI Link 0602
BibRef

Tjhi, W.C.[William-Chandra], Chen, L.H.[Li-Hui],
A partitioning based algorithm to fuzzy co-cluster documents and words,
PRL(27), No. 3, February 2006, pp. 151-159.
WWW Version. 0512
BibRef

van der Zant, T.[Tijn], Schomaker, L.[Lambert], Haak, K.[Koen],
Handwritten-Word Spotting Using Biologically Inspired Features,
PAMI(30), No. 11, November 2008, pp. 1945-1957.
IEEE DOI Link 0809
BibRef

Rodriguez-Serrano, J.A.[Jose A.], Perronnin, F.[Florent],
Handwritten word-spotting using hidden Markov models and universal vocabularies,
PR(42), No. 9, September 2009, pp. 2106-2116.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0905
Word-spotting; Hidden Markov model; Score normalization; Universal vocabulary; Handwriting recognition BibRef

Perronnin, F.[Florent], Liu, Y.[Yan], Renders, J.M.[Jean-Michel],
A family of contextual measures of similarity between distributions with application to image retrieval,
CVPR09(2358-2365).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Rodriguez-Serrano, J.A.[Jose A.], Perronnin, F.[Florent], Llados, J.[Josep], Sanchez, G.[Gemma],
A similarity measure between vector sequences with application to handwritten word image retrieval,
CVPR09(1722-1729).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A4, A3:
Unsupervised writer style adaptation for handwritten word spotting,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Llados, J., Sanchez, G.,
Indexing Historical Documents by Word Shape Signatures,
ICDAR07(362-366).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Lladós, J.[Josep], Pratim-Roy, P.[Partha], Rodríguez, J.A.[José A.], Sánchez, G.[Gemma],
Word Spotting in Archive Documents Using Shape Contexts,
IbPRIA07(II: 290-297).
Springer DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Weinman, J.J.[Jerod J.], Learned-Miller, E.[Erik], Hanson, A.R.[Allen R.],
Scene Text Recognition Using Similarity and a Lexicon with Sparse Belief Propagation,
PAMI(31), No. 10, October 2009, pp. 1733-1746.
IEEE DOI Link 0909
BibRef
Earlier:
Fast Lexicon-Based Scene Text Recognition with Sparse Belief Propagation,
ICDAR07(979-983).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Pletschacher, S.[Stefan], Hu, J.Y.[Jian-Ying], Antonacopoulos, A.[Apostolos],
A New Framework for Recognition of Heavily Degraded Characters in Historical Typewritten Documents Based on Semi-Supervised Clustering,
ICDAR09(506-510).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Quiniou, S.[Solen], Cheriet, M.[Mohamed], Anquetil, E.[Eric],
Handling Out-of-Vocabulary Words and Recognition Errors Based on Word Linguistic Context for Handwritten Sentence Recognition,
ICDAR09(466-470).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Rodríguez-Serrano, J.A.[José A.], Perronnin, F.[Florent],
Handwritten Word Image Retrieval with Synthesized Typed Queries,
ICDAR09(351-355).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Perronnin, F.[Florent], Rodriguez-Serrano, J.A.[Jose A.],
Fisher Kernels for Handwritten Word-spotting,
ICDAR09(106-110).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Palshikar, G.K.[Girish Keshav],
Keyword Extraction from a Single Document Using Centrality Measures,
PReMI07(503-510).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Kramer, M., Kaprykowsky, H., Keysers, D., Breuel, T.M.,
Bibliographic Meta-Data Extraction Using Probabilistic Finite State Transducers,
ICDAR07(609-613).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Taghva, K., Beckley, R., Coombs, J.,
Extracting 'Carbon Copy' Names and Organizations from a Heterogeneous Document Collection,
ICDAR07(664-668).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Bilane, P., Bres, S., Emptoz, H.,
Local Orientation Extraction for Wordspotting in Syriac Manuscripts,
ICISP08(481-489).
Springer DOI Link 0807
BibRef

Drira, F., Le Bourgeois, F., Emptoz, H.,
OCR Accuracy Improvement through a PDE-Based Approach,
ICDAR07(1068-1072).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Wick, M., Ross, M., Learned-Miller, E.,
Context-Sensitive Error Correction: Using Topic Models to Improve OCR,
ICDAR07(1168-1172).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Gatos, B.[Basilis], Pratikakis, I.[Ioannis],
Segmentation-free Word Spotting in Historical Printed Documents,
ICDAR09(271-275).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Vamvakas, G.[Georgios], Gatos, B.[Basilis], Perantonis, S.J.[Stavros J.],
A Novel Feature Extraction and Classification Methodology for the Recognition of Historical Documents,
ICDAR09(491-495).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Makridis, M., Nikolaou, N., Gatos, B.,
An Efficient Word Segmentation Technique for Historical and Degraded Machine-Printed Documents,
ICDAR07(178-182).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Li, L., Lu, S.J., Tan, C.L.,
A Fast Keyword-Spotting Technique,
ICDAR07(68-72).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Choisy, C.,
Dynamic Handwritten Keyword Spotting Based on the NSHP-HMM,
ICDAR07(242-246).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Kessentini, Y., Paquet, T., Benhamadou, A.,
A Multi-stream Approach to Off-Line Handwritten Word Recognition,
ICDAR07(317-321).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Banerjee, S.[Sameek], Harit, G.[Gaurav], Chaudhury, S.[Santanu],
Word image based latent semantic indexing for conceptual querying in document image databases,
ICDAR07(1208-1212).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Hamamura, T.[Tomoyuki], Akagi, T.[Takuma], Irie, B.[Bunpei],
Bayesian Best-First Search for Pattern Recognition: Application to Address Recognition,
ICDAR09(461-465).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Hamamura, T.[Tomoyuki], Akagi, T.[Takuma], Irie, B.[Bunpei],
An A Posteriori Probability Calculation Method for Analytic Word Recognition Applicable to Address Recognition,
ICDAR09(391-395).
IEEE DOI Link 0907
BibRef
Earlier:
An Analytic Word Recognition Algorithm Using a Posteriori Probability,
ICDAR07(669-673).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Lu, S., Tan, C.L.,
Keyword Spotting and Retrieval of Document Images Captured by a Digital Camera,
ICDAR07(994-998).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Miller, T.[Tristan], Wolf, E.[Elisabeth],
Word Completion with Latent Semantic Analysis,
ICPR06(I: 1252-1255).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Kim, S.[Sungho], Kweon, I.S.[In So],
Simultaneous Classification and Visual Word Selection using Entropy-based Minimum Description Length,
ICPR06(I: 650-653).
WWW Version. 0609
BibRef

Terasawa, K.[Kengo], Nagasaki, T.[Takeshi], Kawashima, T.[Toshio],
Automatic Keyword Extraction from Historical Document Images,
DAS06(413-424).
Springer DOI Link 0602
BibRef
Earlier:
Eigenspace method for text retrieval in historical document images,
ICDAR05(I: 437-441).
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Lu, Y.[Yue], Zhang, L.[Li], Tan, C.L.,
Retrieving imaged documents in digital libraries based on word image coding,
DIAL04(174-187).
IEEE DOI Link 0404
BibRef

Lin, X.F.[Xiao-Fan],
Impact of imperfect OCR on part-of-speech tagging,
ICDAR03(284-288).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
BibRef

Lucas, S.M., Patoulas, G., Downton, A.C.,
Fast Lexicon-based word recognition in noisy index card images,
ICDAR03(462-466).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311
BibRef

Sako, H.[Hiroshi], Furukawa, N.[Naohiro], Fujio, M.[Masakazu], Watanabe, S.[Shigeru],
Document-Form Identification Using Constellation Matching of Keywords Abstracted by Character Recognition,
DAS02(261 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303
BibRef

Bloomberg, D.S., Minka, T.P., Popat, K.,
Document image decoding using Iterated Complete Path search with subsampled heuristic scoring,
ICDAR01(344-349).
IEEE DOI Link 0109
Heuristics in decoding text line. BibRef

Manmatha, R., Srimal, N.,
Scale space technique for word segmentation in handwritten manuscripts,
ScaleSpace99(22-33). BibRef 9900

Kang, Y.B.[Yong-Bin], Ok, S.Y.[Se-Young], Cho, H.G.[Hwan-Gue],
Character Grouping Technique Using 3-D Neighborhood Graphs in Raster Map,
ICPR98(Vol II: 1092-1094).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef

Henry, J.L.[Jean-Luc],
Use of an Evolutive Base of Models in a System for Reading Printed Texts,
ICPR98(Vol I: 802-804).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef

Burl, M.C.[Michael C.], Perona, P.[Pietro],
Using Hierarchical Shape Models to Spot Keywords in Cursive Handwriting Data,
CVPR98(535-540).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9800

Özdil, M.A.[Mehmet Ali], Yarman-Vural, F.T.[Fatop T.], Arica, N.[Nafiz],
Optical Character Recognition Without Segmentation,
CIAP97(II: 608-615).
WWW Version. 9709
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1 Only: ICDAR97(Poste) 9708
BibRef

Navoni, L., Canegallo, R., Chinosi, M., Gozzini, G., Kramer, A., Rolandi, P.L.,
Word Recognition Using Associative Memory,
ICDAR97(Mo-3A) 9708
BibRef

Ng, K.S., Cheng, L.M., Wong, C.H.,
Dynamic Word Based Text Compression,
ICDAR97(Tu-3B) 9708
BibRef

Spitz, A.L.,
Moby Dick Meets GEOCR: Lexical Considerations in Word Recognition,
ICDAR97(Mo-4B) 9708
BibRef

Malburg, M.,
Comparative Evaluation of Techniques for Word Recognition Improvement by Incorporation of Syntactic Information,
ICDAR97(Poste) 9708
BibRef

Nobile, N., Bergler, S., Suen, C.Y., Khoury, S.,
Language Identification of On-Line Documents Using Word Shapes,
ICDAR97(Mo-4C) 9708
BibRef

Sibun, P., Reynar, J.,
Language Identification: Examining the Issues,
SDAIR96(125-135). BibRef 9600

Wood, S.L., Yao, X.[Xiaozhong], Krishnamurthi, K., Dang, L.,
Language Identification for Printed Text Independent of Segmentation,
ICIP95(III: 428-431).
IEEE DOI Link 9510
BibRef

Burge, M.[Mark], Monagan, G.[Gladys],
Extracting words and multi-part symbols in graphics rich documents,
CIAP95(533-538).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef

Congedo, G., Dimauro, G., Impedovo, S., Pirlo, G., Sfregola, D.,
A robust analytical approach for handwritten word recognition,
CIAP95(594-599).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef
Earlier:
Describing words by graphs,
CIAP95(515-520).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef

Dimauro, G., Gerardi, G., Impedovo, S., Pirlo, G., Tegolo, D.,
Integration of a structural features-based preclassifier and a man-machine interactive classifier for a fast multi-stroke character recognition,
ICPR92(IV:190-194).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Harmalkar, S., Sinha, R.M.K.,
Integrating word level knowledge in text recognition,
ICPR90(I: 758-760).
IEEE DOI Link 9006
BibRef

Chapter on OCR, Document Analysis and Character Recognition Systems continues in
Watermarks, Watermarking .