4.8.4 Grouping, Figure-Ground, Background, Foreground

Herault, L., and Horaud, R.,
Figure-Ground Discrimination: A Combinatorial Approach,
PAMI(15), No. 9, September 1993, pp. 899-914.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9309
Earlier:
Figure-Ground Discrimination by Mean Field Annealing,
ECCV92(58-66).
Springer DOI Link Finding lines and curves in noisy edge images. BibRef

Spann, M.,
Figure/Ground Separation Using Stochastic Pyramid Relinking,
PR(24), No. 10, 1991, pp. 993-1002.
WWW Version. BibRef 9100

Everson, R., Knight, B.W., Sirovich, L.,
Separating Spatially Distributed Response to Stimulation from Background I: Optical Imaging,
BioCyber(77), No. 6, December 1997, pp. 407-417. 9801
BibRef

Amir, A.[Arnon], Lindenbaum, M.[Michael],
Ground from Figure Discrimination,
CVIU(76), No. 1, October 1999, pp. 7-18. BibRef 9910
Earlier: CVPR98(521-527).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. See also Comments on ground from figure discrimination. BibRef

Zhang, J., Gao, J., Liu, J.,
Figure-Ground Separation by a Dynamical System,
IP(8), No. 1, January 1999, pp. 115-122.
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9901

Zhang, J.[Jun], Lin, J.H.[Jian-Hua],
Figure-ground separation by a neural dynamical system,
ICIP95(II: 615-618).
IEEE DOI Link 9510
BibRef

Beyerer, J., Leon, F.P.,
Adaptive Separation of Random Lines and Background,
OptEng(37), No. 10, October 1998, pp. 2733-2741. 9810
BibRef

Caselles, V.[Vicent], Coll, B.[Bartomeu], Morel, J.M.[Jean-Michel],
Topographic Maps and Local Contrast Changes in Natural Images,
IJCV(33), No. 1, September 1999, pp. 5-27.
WWW Version. Topographic map: contrast invariant representation of the image. Occlusion/Transparency analysis of the image formation and analysis. BibRef 9909

Coll, B.[Bartomeu], Froment, J.[Jacques],
Topographic Maps of Color Images,
ICPR00(Vol III: 609-612).
IEEE DOI Link 0009
Way to represent an image -- segmentation. BibRef

Carvalho, B.M.[Bruno M.], Gau, C.J.[C. Jose], Herman, G.T.[Gabor T.], Kong, T.Y.[T. Yung],
Algorithms for Fuzzy Segmentation,
PAA(2), No. 1, 1999, pp. 73-81. BibRef 9900

Herman, G.T.[Gabor T.], Carvalho, B.M.[Bruno M.],
Multiseeded Segmentation Using Fuzzy Connectedness,
PAMI(23), No. 5, May 2001, pp. 460-474.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0105
Segment an object from the background with noise. BibRef

Kellner, C.R.[Charles R.],
Method and apparatus for unencumbered capture of an object,
US_Patent6,101,289, Aug 8, 2000
WWW Version. controlled environment to do background BibRef 0008

Naoi, S.[Satoshi], Egawa, H.[Hiroichi], Shiohara, M.[Morito],
Image processing apparatus,
US_Patent6,141,435, Oct 31, 2000
WWW Version. BibRef 0010
And: US_Patent6,430,303, Aug 6, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef

Henderson, T.R.[Todd R.], Spaulding, K.E.[Kevin E.], Couwenhoven, D.W.[Douglas W.],
Method for segmenting a digital image into a foreground region and a key color region,
US_Patent6,011,595, Jan 4, 2000
WWW Version. BibRef 0001

Chen, T.H.[Tsu-Han], Swain, C.T.[Cassandra Turner],
Method and apparatus for segmenting images prior to coding,
US_Patent6,301,385, Oct 9, 2001
WWW Version. BibRef 0110

Funayama, R.[Ryuji], Konya, M.[Minehiro], Takezawa, H.[Hajime],
Image processing device,
US_Patent6,332,038, Dec 18, 2001
WWW Version. particular objects BibRef 0112

Vernon, D.[David],
Fourier Vision: Segmentation and Velocity Measurement Using the Fourier Transform,
KluwerBoston, June 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7413-4.
WWW Version. BibRef 0106

Robles-Kelly, A.[Antonio], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
An Expectation-Maximisation Framework for Segmentation and Grouping,
IVC(20), No. 9-10, August 2002, pp. 725-738.
WWW Version. 0208
BibRef
Earlier: PercOrg01(xx-yy). 0106
Motion Segmentation. BibRef
Earlier:
A Maximum Likelihood Framework for Grouping and Segmentation,
EMMCVPR01(251-267).
Springer DOI Link 0205
BibRef
Earlier:
Maximum likelihood motion segmentation using eigen-decomposition,
CIAP01(63-68).
IEEE Top Reference. 0210
BibRef
And:
An EM-like Algorithm for Motion Segmentation via Eigendecomposition,
BMVC01(Poster Session 1).
HTML Version. University of York 0110
See also graph-spectral approach to surface segmentation, A. BibRef

Robles-Kelly, A., Bors, A.G., Hancock, E.R.,
Hierarchical Iterative Eigen Decomposition for Motion Segmentation,
ICIP01(II: 363-366).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108
BibRef

Robles-Kelly, A.[Antonio], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
An Expectation-Maximisation Framework for Perceptual Grouping,
VF01(594 ff.).
HTML Version. 0209
BibRef

Kelly, A.R.[Antonio Robles], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
Perceptual Grouping using Eigendecomposition and the EM Algorithm,
SCIA01(O-Th1). 0206
BibRef

Robles-Kelly, A.[Antonio], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
A Maximum Likelihood Framework for Iterative Eigendecomposition,
ICCV01(I: 654-661).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
BibRef

Robles-Kelly, A.[Antonio], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
Grouping Line-segments using Eigenclustering,
BMVC00(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0009
BibRef

Robles-Kelly, A.[Antonio], Hancock, E.R.[Edwin R.],
A probabilistic spectral framework for grouping and segmentation,
PR(37), No. 7, July 2004, pp. 1387-1405.
WWW Version. 0405
Pairwise clustering and perceptual grouping. Model expressed in terms of two sets of parameters: cluster memberships which represent the affinity of objects to clusters and a matrix of link weights for pairs of tokens. BibRef

Rosin, P.L.[Paul L.],
Comments on 'ground from figure discrimination',
PRL(24), No. 15, November 2003, pp. 2761-2766.
WWW Version. 0308
See also Ground from Figure Discrimination. BibRef

Sakamoto, S.[Shizuo],
Method and device of object detectable and background removal, and storage media for storing program thereof,
US_Patent6,603,880, Aug 5, 2003
WWW Version. BibRef 0308

Gordon, G.G.[Gaile G.], Harville, M.[Michael], Woodfill, J.I.[John I.], Darrell, T.J.[Trevor J.],
Background estimation and segmentation based on range and color,
US_Patent6,661,918, Dec 9, 2003
WWW Version. BibRef 0312

Gordon, G.G.[Gaile G.], Darrell, T.J.[Trevor J.], Harville, M.[Michael], Woodfill, J.I.[John I.],
Background Estimation and Removal Based on Range and Color,
CVPR99(II: 459-464).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Use both range and color, not just one. BibRef 9900

Pavlidis, G.P.[George P.], Chamzas, C.[Christodoulos],
Compressing the background layer in compound images, using JPEG and data filling,
SP:IC(20), No. 5, June 2005, pp. 487-502.
WWW Version. 0506
BibRef

Pavlidis, G.P., Tsekeridou, S., Chamzas, C.,
JPEG-matched data filling of sparse images,
ICIP04(I: 493-496).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Aguiar, P.M.Q., Moura, J.M.F.,
Figure-ground segmentation from occlusion,
IP(14), No. 8, August 2005, pp. 1109-1124.
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Chalmond, B., Francesconi, B., Herbin, S.,
Using Hidden Scale for Salient Object Detection,
IP(15), No. 9, August 2006, pp. 2644-2656.
IEEE DOI Link 0608
Scale and contrast interaction. First, spatial and contrast. BibRef

Zhang, H.[Hong], Carls, G.[Garry], Barnhill, S.D.[Stephen D.],
Computer-aided image analysis,
US_Patent6,996,549, Feb 7, 2006
WWW Version. BibRef 0602
And: US_Patent7,383,237, Jun 3, 2008
WWW Version. BibRef

Koenderink, J.J.[Jan J.], van Doorn, A.J.[Andrea J.], Pont, S.C.[Sylvia C.], Richards, W.[Whitman],
Gestalt and phenomenal transparency,
JOSA-A(25), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 190-202.
WWW Version. 0801
BibRef

Burgess, A.E.[Arthur E.], Judy, P.F.[Philip F.],
Signal detection in power-law noise: effect of spectrum exponents,
JOSA-A(24), No. 12, December 2007, pp. B52-B60.
WWW Version. 0801
Analyze backgrounds. BibRef

Levin, A.[Anat], Rav-Acha, A.[Alex], Lischinski, D.[Dani],
Spectral Matting,
PAMI(30), No. 10, October 2008, pp. 1699-1712.
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
Award, CVPR, HM. Background/foreground. BibRef

Rhemann, C.[Christoph], Rother, C.[Carsten], Wang, J.[Jue], Gelautz, M.[Margrit], Kohli, P.[Pushmeet], Rott, P.[Pamela],
A perceptually motivated online benchmark for image matting,
CVPR09(1826-1833).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
See also stereo approach that handles the matting problem via image warping, A. BibRef

Rhemann, C.[Christoph], Rother, C.[Carsten], Rav-Acha, A.[Alex], Sharp, T.[Toby],
High resolution matting via interactive trimap segmentation,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0806
BibRef

Zhang, L.[Li],
In Situ Image Segmentation Using the Convexity of Illumination Distribution of the Light Sources,
PAMI(30), No. 10, October 2008, pp. 1786-1799.
IEEE DOI Link 0810
Use light source analysis to separate background pixels. BibRef

Fukuda, H.[Hiroshi], Ishihara, A.[Atsuhiko], Sakamoto, K.[Koichi], Tsubaki, H.[Hisayoshi], Watanabe, M.[Mikio],
Image capturing apparatus, main subject position determination method, and computer-readable medium storing program,
US_Patent7,339,606, Mar 4, 2008
WWW Version. BibRef 0803

Jimenez-Sanchez, A.R., Mendiola-Santibanez, J.D., Terol-Villalobos, I.R., Herrera-Ruiz, G., Vargas-Vazquez, D., Garcia-Escalante, J.J., Lara-Guevara, A.,
Morphological Background Detection and Enhancement of Images With Poor Lighting,
IP(18), No. 3, March 2009, pp. 613-623.
IEEE DOI Link 0903
BibRef

Shen, H.Y.[Hui-Ying], Coughlan, J.[James], Ivanchenko, V.[Volodymyr],
Figure-ground segmentation using factor graphs,
IVC(27), No. 7, 4 June 2009, pp. 854-863.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0904
Figure-ground segmentation; Belief propagation; Factor graphs; Text detection Graphy models. BibRef

Dickinson, P.[Patrick], Hunter, A.[Andrew], Appiah, K.[Kofi],
A spatially distributed model for foreground segmentation,
IVC(27), No. 9, 3 August 2009, pp. 1326-1335.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0906
Foreground segmentation; Background model; Spatial coherence; Mixture of Gaussians BibRef

Sun, W.[Wei], Spackman, S.P.[Stephen P.],
Multi-object segmentation by stereo mismatch,
MVA(20), No. 6, October 2009, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI Link 0910
No need to do full stereo reconstruction for foreground object extration. BibRef

Achanta, R.[Radhakrishna], Hemami, S.[Sheila], Estrada, F.[Francisco], Susstrunk, S.[Sabine],
Frequency-tuned salient region detection,
CVPR09(1597-1604).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Liu, Y.[Yuee], Zhang, J.L.[Jing-Lan], Tjondronegoro, D.[Dian], Geva, S.[Shlomo], Li, Z.R.[Zheng-Rong],
An improved image segmentation algorithm for salient object detection,
IVCNZ08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 0811
BibRef

Sharma, G.[Gaurav], Chaudhury, S.[Santanu], Srivastava, J.B.,
Object Category Detection by Statistical Test of Hypothesis,
ICCVGIP08(474-480).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Fan, S., Ferrie, F.P.,
Structure Guided Salient Region Detector,
BMVC08(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0809
BibRef

Yin, Z., Collins, R.T.,
Online Figure-ground Segmentation with Edge Pixel Classification,
BMVC08(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0809
BibRef

Lee, Y.J., Grauman, K.,
Foreground Focus: Finding Meaningful Features in Unlabeled Images,
BMVC08(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0809
BibRef

Reynolds, J.[Jordan], Murphy, K.[Kevin],
Figure-ground segmentation using a hierarchical conditional random field,
CRV07(175-182).
IEEE DOI Link 0705
BibRef

Sun, J.[Jian], Zhang, W.W.[Wei-Wei], Tang, X.[Xiaoou], Shum, H.Y.[Heung-Yeung],
Background Cut,
ECCV06(II: 628-641).
Springer DOI Link 0608
Real-time foreground layer extraction. Attenuate background contrast, leave foreground. BibRef

Ren, X.F.[Xiao-Feng], Fowlkes, C.C.[Charless C.], Malik, J.[Jitendra],
Figure/Ground Assignment in Natural Images,
ECCV06(II: 614-627).
Springer DOI Link 0608
BibRef

Bjorkman, M., Eklundh, J.O.,
Foveated Figure-Ground Segmentation and Its Role in Recognition,
BMVC05(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0509
BibRef

Wang, J.[Jue], Cohen, M.F.[Michael F.],
Simultaneous Matting and Compositing,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef
Earlier:
An Iterative Optimization Approach for Unified Image Segmentation and Matting,
ICCV05(II: 936-943).
IEEE DOI Link 0510
foreground/background with partial pixels. BibRef

Cohen, S.[Scott],
Background Estimation as a Labeling Problem,
ICCV05(II: 1034-1041).
IEEE DOI Link 0510
BibRef

Lee, W.B.[Woo-Beom], Kim, W.[Wookhyun],
Illusory Surface Perception Using a Hierarchical Neural Network Model of the Visual Pathways,
CAIP05(709).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Cheng, J.[Jian], Yang, J.[Jie], Zhou, Y.[Yue],
A Novel Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Model for Background Subtraction,
IbPRIA05(I:587).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Sakai, T.[Tomoya], Imiya, A.[Atsushi],
Figure Field Analysis of Linear Scale-Space Image,
ScaleSpace05(374-385).
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef

Kottow, D.[Daniel], Köppen, M.[Mario], Ruiz-del-Solar, J.[Javier],
A Background Maintenance Model in the Spatial-Range Domain,
SMVP04(141-152).
WWW Version. 0505
Foreground/Background codebook descriptions. BibRef

Porikli, F.M.[Fatih M.],
Multiplicative Background-Foreground Estimation Under Uncontrolled Illumination using Intrinsic Images,
Motion05(II: 20-27).
WWW Version. 0502
BibRef

Stein, A.[Andrew], Hebert, M.[Martial],
Incorporating Background Invariance into Feature-Based Object Recognition,
WACV05(I: 37-44).
WWW Version. 0502
Features from patches, how to exclude the background. BibRef

Al-Mazeed, A.H., Nixon, M.S., Gunn, S.R.,
Fusing Complementary Operators to Enhance Foreground/Background Segmentation,
BMVC03(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0409
BibRef

Zhao, L.[Liang], Davis, L.S.,
Iterative figure-ground discrimination,
ICPR04(I: 67-70).
IEEE DOI Link 0409
BibRef

Zivkovic, Z.,
Improved adaptive gaussian mixture model for background subtraction,
ICPR04(II: 28-31).
IEEE DOI Link 0409
BibRef

Fraundorfer, F.[Friedrich], Bischof, H.[Horst],
Detecting Distinguished Regions by Saliency,
SCIA03(208-215).
WWW Version. 0310
BibRef

Yu, S.X., Shi, J.B.[Jian-Bo],
Object-specific figure-ground segregation,
CVPR03(II: 39-45).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0307
BibRef

Lamarre, M., Clark, J.J.,
Background subtraction using competing models in the block-DCT domain,
ICPR02(I: 299-302).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Baek, K.[Kyungim], Draper, B.A.,
Factor analysis for background suppression,
ICPR02(II: 643-646).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Yu, S.X.[Stella X.], Lee, T.S.[Tai Sing], Kanade, T.[Takeo],
A Hierarchical Markov Random Field Model for Figure-Ground Segregation,
EMMCVPR01(118-133).
Springer DOI Link 0205
BibRef

Hayman, E.[Eric], Eklundh, J.O.[Jan-Olof],
Probabilistic and Voting Approaches to Cue Integration for Figure-Ground Segmentation,
ECCV02(III: 469 ff.).
HTML Version. 0205
BibRef

Wexler, Y., Fitzgibbon, A.W., Zisserman, A.,
Bayesian Estimation of Layers from Multiple Images,
ECCV02(III: 487 ff.).
HTML Version. 0205
To extract the foreground objects. (Blue screen technique.) BibRef

Riesenhuber, M.[Maximilian],
Generalization Over Contrast and Mirror Reversal, But not Figure-ground Reversal, in an Edge-based Model of IT Neurons,
MIT AIM-2001-034, December 2001.
WWW Version. 0205
BibRef

Yu, S.X.[Stella X.], Shi, J.B.[Jian-Bo],
Segmentation with Pairwise Attraction and Repulsion,
ICCV01(I: 52-58).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
Figure-Ground separation. BibRef

Keuchel, J., Schellewald, C., Cremers, D., Schnörr, C.,
Convex Relaxation for Figure-Ground Discrimination and Perceptual Grouping,
PercOrg01(353-360). 0106
BibRef
And:
Relaxations for Binary Image Partitioning and Perceptual Grouping,
DAGM01(353-360). Award, DAGM.
Postscript Version. BibRef

Andrade-Cetto, J.[Juan], Sanfeliu, A.[Alberto],
Integration of Perceptual Grouping and Depth,
ICPR00(Vol I: 295-298).
IEEE DOI Link
HTML Version. 0009
BibRef

Giaccone, P.R., Tsaptsinos, D., Jones, G.A.,
Foreground-background Segmentation by Cellular Neural Networks,
ICPR00(Vol II: 438-441).
IEEE DOI Link
HTML Version. 0009
BibRef

Pao, H., Geiger, D., Rubin, N.,
Measuring Convexity for Figure/Ground Separation,
ICCV99(948-955).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9900

Geiger, D.[Davi], Kumaran, K.[Krishnan], Parida, L.[Laxmi],
Visual Organization for Figure/Ground Separation,
CVPR96(155-160).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. BibRef 9600

Geiger, D., Kumaran, K.,
Visual Organization of Illusory Surfaces,
ECCV96(I:413-424).
Springer DOI Link Use occlusions to find the most salient contours. BibRef 9600

Stricker, M., Leonardis, A.,
Figure-Ground Segmentation Using Tabu Search,
SCV95(605-610).
IEEE Top Reference. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. U. of Ljubljana. Compared with mean field annealing algorithm. BibRef 9500

Huang, Q.[Qian], Dam, B., Steele, D., Ashley, J., Niblack, W.,
Foreground/background segmentation of color images by integration of multiple cues,
ICIP95(I: 246-249).
IEEE DOI Link 9510
BibRef

Heitger, F., and von der Heydt, R.[Rudiger],
A Computational Model of Neural Contour Processing: Figure-Ground Segregation and Illusory Contours,
ICCV93(32-40).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9300

Shimaya, A., Yoroizawa, I.,
A Cognitive Model Of Figure Segregation,
IJCAI91(366-372). BibRef 9100

Chapter on Computational Vision, Regularization, Connectionist, Morphology, Scale-Space, Perceptual Grouping, Wavelets, Color, Sensors, Optical, Laser, Radar continues in
Sensors for Machine Vision, Image Sensors .