12.1.4.2 Information Fusion, Sensor Fusion

Desachy, J., Roux, L., Zahzah, E.H.,
Numeric and Symbolic Data Fusion: A Soft Computing Approach to Remote Sensing Images Analysis,
PRL(17), No. 13, November 25 1996, pp. 1361-1378. 9701
Remote Sensing. BibRef

Bosse, E., Roy, J.,
Fusion of Identity Declarations from Dissimilar Sources Using the Dempster-Shafer Theory,
OptEng(36), No. 3, March 1997, pp. 648-657. 9704
BibRef

Cantoni, V.[Virginio], Setti, A.[Alessandra], di Gesu, V.[Vito], Tegolo, D.[Domenico],
Human and Machine Perception: Information Fusion,
Plenum1997. ISBN 0-306-45708-0. 350 pp. Proceeding of a conference. BibRef 9700

Rao, N.S.V.,
Nadaraya-Watson Estimator for Sensor Fusion,
OptEng(36), No. 3, March 1997, pp. 642-647. 9704
BibRef

Murphy, R.R.,
Dempster-Shafer Theory For Sensor Fusion In Autonomous Mobile Robots,
RA(14), No. 2, April 1998, pp. 197-206. 9804
BibRef

Solaiman, B., Koffi, R.K., Mouchot, M.C., Hillion, A.,
An Information Fusion Method for Multispectral Image Classification Postprocessing,
GeoRS(36), No. 2, March 1998, pp. 395-406.
IEEE Top Reference. 9804
BibRef

Sester, M.[Monika], Anders, K.H.[Karl-Heinrich], Walter, V.[Volker],
Linking Objects of Different Spatial Data Sets by Integration and Aggregation,
GeoInfo(2), No. 4, December 1998, pp. 335-358.
WWW Version. BibRef 9812

Lewis, T.[Tristan], Owens, R.A.[Robyn A.], Baddeley, A.J.[Adrian J.],
Averaging feature maps,
PR(32), No. 9, September 1999, pp. 1615-1630.
WWW Version. BibRef 9909

Baddeley, A.J., Molchanov, I.,
Averaging of Random Sets Based on Their Distance Functions,
JMIV(8), No. 1, January 1998, pp. 79-92.
WWW Version. 9803
BibRef

McNary, C.[Charles], Reiser, K.[Kurt], Doria, D.M.[David M.], Webster, D.W.[David W.], Chen, Y.[Yang],
Hierarchical information fusion object recognition system and method,
US_Patent5,963,653, Oct 5, 1999
WWW Version. BibRef 9910

Ricchetti, E.[Evaristo],
Multispectral Satellite Image and Ancillary Data Integration for Geological Classification,
PhEngRS(66), No. 4, April 2000, pp. 429. Comparisons of different procedures for geological classification of multispectral imagery demonstrate the improvement in accuracy of results achieved using terrain information from a digital terrain model (DTM). 0004
BibRef

Bendjebbour, A., Delignon, Y., Fouque, L., Samson, V., Pieczynski, W.,
Multisensor image segmentation using Dempster-Shafer fusion in Markov fields context,
GeoRS(39), No. 8, August 2001, pp. 1789-1798.
IEEE Top Reference. 0109
BibRef

Benboudjema, D.[Dalila], Pieczynski, W.[Wojciech],
Unsupervised image segmentation using triplet Markov fields,
CVIU(99), No. 3, September 2005, pp. 476-498.
WWW Version. 0508
BibRef

Benboudjema, D.[Dalila], Pieczynski, W.[Wojciech],
Unsupervised Statistical Segmentation of Nonstationary Images Using Triplet Markov Fields,
PAMI(29), No. 8, August 2007, pp. 1367-1378.
IEEE DOI Link 0707
BibRef

Allagnat, O., Boucher, J.M., He, D.C., Pieczynski, W.[Wojciech],
Hidden Markov fields and unsupervised segmentation of images,
ICPR92(III:96-100).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Rao, N.S.V.[Nageswara S.V.],
On Fusers that Perform Better than Best Sensor,
PAMI(23), No. 8, August 2001, pp. 904-909.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0109
Analyze fusion techniques. Several senesors meet the criteria -- linear combinations, special potential functions, some feedforward networks. BibRef

Kiema, J.B.K.,
Texture analysis and data fusion in the extraction of topographic objects from satellite imagery,
JRS(23), No. 4, February 2002, pp. 767-776. 0202
BibRef

Alkoot, F.M., Kittler, J.V.,
Modified product fusion,
PRL(23), No. 8, June 2002, pp. 957-965.
Elsevier DOI Link 0204
BibRef

Dempere-Marco, L., Hu, X.P.[Xiao-Peng], MacDonald, S.L.S., Ellis, S.M., Hansell, D.M., Yang, G.Z.[Guang-Zhong],
The use of visual search for knowledge gathering in image decision support,
MedImg(21), No. 7, July 2002, pp. 741-754.
IEEE Top Reference. 0210
BibRef

Dempere-Marco, L., Hu, X.P., Ellis, S.M., Hansell, D.M., Yang, G.Z.,
Analysis of Visual Search Patterns With EMD Metric in Normalized Anatomical Space,
MedImg(25), No. 8, August 2006, pp. 1011-1021.
IEEE DOI Link 0608
BibRef

Hu, X.P.[Xiao-Peng], Dempere-Marco, L., Yang, G.Z.[Guang-Zhong],
Hot spot detection based on feature space representation of visual search,
MedImg(22), No. 9, September 2003, pp. 1152-1162.
IEEE Abstract. 0309
BibRef

Hu, X.P.[Xiao-Peng], Dempere-Marco, L.[Laura], Davies, E.R.[E. Roy],
Bayesian feature evaluation for visual saliency estimation,
PR(41), No. 11, November 2008, pp. 3302-3312.
WWW Version. 0808
Object recognition; Bayesian modeling; Visual attention; Visual search; Visual cue selection BibRef

Yang, G.Z.[Guang-Zhong], Dempere-Marco, L.[Laura], Hu, X.P.[Xiao-Peng], Rowe, A.[Anthony],
Visual search: psychophysical models and practical applications,
IVC(20), No. 4, April 2002, pp. 291-305.
WWW Version. 0203
Model Human eye movements. Eye tracking. BibRef

Yang, J.[Jian], Yang, J.Y.[Jing-Yu], Zhang, D.[David], Lu, J.F.[Jian-Feng],
Feature fusion: parallel strategy vs. serial strategy,
PR(36), No. 6, June 2003, pp. 1369-1381.
WWW Version. 0304
BibRef

Pontius, Jr., R.G.[R. Gil],
Statistical Methods to Partition Effects of Quantity and Location During Comparison of Categorical Maps at Multiple Resolutions,
PhEngRS(68), No. 10, October 2002, pp. 10411050. Separate five components of agreement between two maps.
WWW Version. 0304
BibRef

Zhu, Y.M.[Yun-Min], Li, X.R.[X. Rong],
Unified fusion rules for multisensor multihypothesis network decision systems,
SMC-A(33), No. 4, July 2003, pp. 502-513.
IEEE Abstract. 0310
BibRef

Rogelj, P.[Peter], Kovacic, S.[Stanislav], Gee, J.C.[James C.],
Point similarity measures for non-rigid registration of multi-modal data,
CVIU(92), No. 1, October 2003, pp. 112-140.
WWW Version. 0310
BibRef

Petrovic, V.S.[Vladimir S.], Xydeas, C.S.[Costas S.],
Gradient-based multiresolution image fusion,
IP(13), No. 2, February 2004, pp. 228-237.
IEEE DOI Link 0404
BibRef

Xydeas, C.S.[Costas S.], Petrovic, V.S.[Vladimir S.],
Objective image fusion performance measure,
EL(36), No. 4, 2000, pp. 308-309. BibRef 0001

Petrovic, V.S.[Vladimir S.], Xydeas, C.S.[Costas S.],
Objective Image Fusion Performance Characterisation,
ICCV05(II: 1866-1871).
IEEE DOI Link 0510
BibRef
Earlier:
Evaluation of Image Fusion Performance with Visible Differences,
ECCV04(Vol III: 380-391).
WWW Version. 0405
BibRef

Stepan, P., Kulich, M., Preucil, L.,
Robust data fusion with occupancy grid,
SMC-C(35), No. 1, February 2005, pp. 106-115.
IEEE Abstract. 0501
BibRef

John, S., Vorontsov, M.A.,
Multiframe Selective Information Fusion From Robust Error Estimation Theory,
IP(14), No. 5, May 2005, pp. 577-584.
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Sun, Q.S.[Quan-Sen], Zeng, S.G.[Sheng-Gen], Liu, Y.[Yan], Heng, P.A.[Pheng-Ann], Xia, D.S.[De-Shen],
A new method of feature fusion and its application in image recognition,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2437-2448.
WWW Version. 0510
BibRef

Sun, S., Zhang, C.,
Optimal information fusion distributed smoother for discrete multichannel ARMA signals,
VISP(152), No. 5, October 2005, pp. 583-589.
WWW Version. 0512
BibRef

Li, M.[Min], Cai, W.[Wei], Tan, Z.[Zheng],
A region-based multi-sensor image fusion scheme using pulse-coupled neural network,
PRL(27), No. 16, December 2006, pp. 1948-1956.
WWW Version. 0611
Image fusion; Pulse-coupled neural network; Image segmentation BibRef

Parikh, D.[Devi], Polikar, R.[Robi],
An Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning Approach to Data Fusion,
SMC-B(37), No. 2, April 2007, pp. 437-450.
IEEE DOI Link 0704
BibRef

Zheng, S., Shi, W.Z., Liu, J., Zhu, G.X., Tian, J.W.,
Multisource Image Fusion Method Using Support Value Transform,
IP(16), No. 7, July 2007, pp. 1831-1839.
IEEE DOI Link 0707
BibRef

Zheng, S., Shi, W.Z., Liu, J., Tian, J.,
Remote Sensing Image Fusion Using Multiscale Mapped LS-SVM,
GeoRS(46), No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1313-1322.
IEEE DOI Link 0804
BibRef

Zhang, Y.J.[Ying-Jie],
Adaptive region-based image fusion using energy evaluation model for fusion decision,
SIViP(1), No. 3, August 2007, pp. 215-223.
Springer DOI Link 0803
BibRef

Bleiholder, J.[Jens], Naumann, F.[Felix],
Data fusion,
Surveys(41), No. 1, December 2008, pp. 1-41.
WWW Version. 0804
Survey, Sensor Fusion. BibRef

Turlapaty, A.C.[Anish C.], Anantharaj, V.G.[Valentine G.], Younan, N.H.[Nicolas H.], Turk, F.J.[F. Joseph],
Precipitation data fusion using vector space transformation and artificial neural networks,
PRL(31), No. 10, 15 July 2010, pp. 1184-1200.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1008
Pattern recognition; Optimization; Data merging; Convergence; Artificial neural networks BibRef

Davenport, M.A., Hegde, C., Duarte, M.F.[Marco F.], Baraniuk, R.G.[Richard G.],
Joint Manifolds for Data Fusion,
IP(19), No. 10, October 2010, pp. 2580-2594.
IEEE DOI Link 1003
BibRef

Tseng, C.H.[Chien-Hao], Jwo, D.J.[Dah-Jing],
Designing Fuzzy Adaptive Nonlinear Filter for Land Vehicle Ultra-Tightly Coupled Integrated Navigation Sensor Fusion,
Sensors(128), Issue 5, May 2011, pp. 1-16.
HTML Version. 1106
BibRef

Scheirer, W.[Walter], Rocha, A.[Anderson], Micheals, R.[Ross], Boult, T.E.[Terrance E.],
Meta-Recognition: The Theory and Practice of Recognition Score Analysis,
PAMI(33), No. 8, August 2011, pp. 1689-1695.
IEEE DOI Link 1107
BibRef
Earlier:
Robust Fusion: Extreme Value Theory for Recognition Score Normalization,
ECCV10(III: 481-495).
Springer DOI Link 1009
Perfromance prediction for recognition algorithms. Predict system performance for threshold selection, etc. BibRef

Zhang, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Wang, L.[Long], Li, H.J.[Hui-Juan], Ma, Z.K.[Zhao-Kun],
Similarity-based multimodality image fusion with shiftable complex directional pyramid,
PRL(32), No. 13, 1 October 2011, pp. 1544-1553.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1109
Multimodality image fusion; Shiftable complex directional pyramid transform; Structural similarity index BibRef

Chang, K.Y.[Kai-Yueh], Liu, T.L.[Tyng-Luh], Chen, H.T.[Hwann-Tzong], Lai, S.H.[Shang-Hong],
Fusing generic objectness and visual saliency for salient object detection,
ICCV11(914-921).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Cai, C.F.[Cai-Fang], Mohammad-Djafari, A.[All], Legoupil, S.[Samuel], Rodet, T.[Thomas],
Bayesian data fusion and inversion in X-ray multi-energy computed tomography,
ICIP11(1377-1380).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Yuan, J.[Jing], Shi, J.[Juan], Tai, X.C.[Xue-Cheng], Boykov, Y.Y.[Yuri Y.],
A Study on Convex Optimization Approaches to Image Fusion,
SSVM11(122-133).
Springer DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Patil, U.[Ujwala], Mudengudi, U.[Uma],
Image fusion using hierarchical PCA.,
ICIIP11(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 1112
BibRef

Hol, J.D., Schon, T.B., Gustafsson, F.,
A new algorithm for calibrating a combined camera and IMU sensor unit,
ICARCV08(1857-1862).
IEEE DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Hanmandlu, M.[Madasu], Grover, J.[Jyotsana], Madasu, V.[Vamsi],
Decision Level Fusion Using t-Norms,
DICTA10(33-38).
IEEE DOI Link 1012
BibRef

Han, S.[Seunghan], Koo, B.[Bonjung], Hutter, A., Shet, V., Stechele, W.,
Subjective Logic Based Hybrid Approach to Conditional Evidence Fusion for Forensic Visual Surveillance,
AVSS10(337-344).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Hitzler, P.[Pascal],
Towards Reasoning Pragmatics,
GS09(9-25).
Springer DOI Link 0912
Combining data. Semantic Web. BibRef

Ozay, M.[Mete], Vural, F.T.Y.[Fatos Tunay Yarman],
A new decision fusion technique for image classification,
ICIP09(2189-2192).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Hassen, R.[Rania], Wang, Z.[Zhou], Salama, M.[Magdy],
Multi-sensor image registration based-on local phase coherence,
ICIP09(181-184).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Dey, C., Jia, X.P.[Xiu-Ping], Fraser, D.,
Decision Fusion for Reliable Flood Mapping Using Remote Sensing Images,
DICTA08(184-190).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Tian, H.[Hui], Wang, B.B.[Bin-Bin],
Discussion and Analyze on Image Fusion Technology,
ICMV09(246-250).
IEEE DOI Link 0912
BibRef

Qin, T.L.[Tai-Long], Cheng, H.[Hang], Chen, F.F.[Fa-Fa],
Research on Multi-Sensor Information Fusion Technique for Motor Fault Diagnosis,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Wu, J.H.[Jian-Hong], Zhang, H.[Hongcai],
Data Fusion Algorithm Design of GPS/IMU Based on Fuzzy Adaptive Federated Kalman Filter,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Rizvi, S.A., Nasrabadi, N.M.,
Fusion techniques for automatic target recognition,
AIPR03(27-32).
IEEE DOI Link 0310
BibRef

Fay, D.A., Ivey, R.T., Bomberger, N., Waxman, A.M.,
Multisensor and spectral image fusion and mining: From neural systems to applications,
AIPR03(11-20).
IEEE DOI Link 0310
BibRef

Blake, P.L., Brown, T.W.,
Quantitative fusion of performance results from actual and simulated image data,
AIPR03(99-102).
IEEE DOI Link 0310
BibRef

Hall, D.L.,
Perspectives on the fusion of image and non-image data,
AIPR03(217-220).
IEEE DOI Link 0310
BibRef

Fu, Y.[Yun], Cao, L.L.[Liang-Liang], Guo, G.D.[Guo-Dong], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Multiple feature fusion by subspace learning,
CIVR08(127-134). 0807
BibRef

Ma, C.Y.[Cheng-Yuan], Lee, C.H.[Chin-Hui],
An efficient gradient computation approach to discriminative fusion optimization in semantic concept detection,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Minor, C.P.[Christian P.], Johnson, K.J.[Kevin J.], Rose-Pehrsson, S.L.[Susan L.], Owrutsky, J.C.[Jeffrey C.], Wales, S.C.[Stephen C.], Steinhurst, D.A.[Daniel A.], Gottuk, D.T.[Daniel T.],
Data fusion with a multisensor system for damage control and situational awareness,
AVSBS07(313-317).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Jang, J.H., Kim, Y.S., Ra, J.B.,
Image enhancement in multi-resolution multi-sensor fusion,
AVSBS07(289-294).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Filipovych, R.[Roman], Ribeiro, E.[Eraldo],
Probabilistic Combination of Visual Cues for Object Classification,
ISVC07(I: 662-671).
Springer DOI Link 0711
BibRef

Joshi, D.[Dhiraj], Naphade, M.R.[Milind R.], Natsev, A.P.[Apostol P.],
A Greedy Performance Driven Algorithm for Decision Fusion Learning,
ICIP07(VI: 25-28).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Jiang, W.[Wei], Chang, S.F.[Shih-Fu], Loui, A.C.,
Active Context-Based Concept Fusion with Partial User Labels,
ICIP06(2917-2920).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Zhu, Q.Y.[Qiu-Yu], Huang, S.[Sujuan],
Data Fusion and Confidence Measure in Image Feature Detection,
AVSBS06(75-75).
IEEE DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Jayaweera, S.K., Al-Tarazi, K.,
Large System Decision Fusion Performance in Inhomogeneous Sensor Networks,
AVSBS06(72-72).
IEEE DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Wimalajeewa, T., Jayaweera, S.K.,
Optimal Power Scheduling for Data Fusion in Inhomogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks,
AVSBS06(73-73).
IEEE DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Arif, M., Brouard, T., Vincent, N.,
A fusion methodology based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory for two biometric applications,
ICPR06(IV: 590-593).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Lin, D.[Dahua], Tang, X.[Xiaoou],
Conditional Infomax Learning: An Integrated Framework for Feature Extraction and Fusion,
ECCV06(I: 68-82).
Springer DOI Link 0608
BibRef

Hoppe, F.[Florian], Sommer, G.[Gerald],
Fusion Algorithm for Locally Arranged Linear Models,
ICPR06(III: 1208-1211).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef
And: ICPR06(IV: 951).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Dong, W.[Wen], and Pentland, A.P.[Alex P.],
Multi-sensor Data Fusion Using the Influence Model,
Vismod-TR597, April 2006
PDF Version. BibRef 0604

Mahmoud, S.,
A comparative study of statistical and neural methods for remote sensing image classification and decision fusion,
ICIP04(V: 3347-3350).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Wu, G.[Gang], Pan, C.H.[Chun-Hong], Prinet, V., Ma, S.D.[Song-De],
A land use classification method based on region and edge information fusion,
ICIP04(III: 1719-1722).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Wu, H.,
Sensor Fusion for Context-Aware Computing Using Dempster-Shafer Theory,
CMU-RI-TR-03-52, December, 2003. BibRef 0312 Ph.D.Thesis.
HTML Version. 0501
BibRef

Kahler, O., Denzler, J., Triesch, J.,
Hierarchical sensor data fusion by probabilistic cue integration for robust 3D object tracking,
Southwest04(216-220).
IEEE Abstract. 0411
BibRef

Nilsback, M.E., Caputo, B.,
Cue integration through discriminative accumulation,
CVPR04(II: 578-585).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
Information fusion. BibRef

Comaniciu, D.,
Nonparametric information fusion for motion estimation,
CVPR03(I: 59-66).
IEEE Abstract. 0307
BibRef

Comaniciu, D.,
Density estimation-based information fusion for multiple motion computation,
Motion02(241-246).
IEEE Abstract. 0303
BibRef

Gurevich, I.B., Jemova, I.A., Smetanin, Y.G.,
A method of image recognition based on the fusion of reduced invariant representations: mathematical substantiation,
ICPR02(III: 391-394).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Garg, A., Agarwal, S., Huang, T.S.,
Fusion of global and local information for object detection,
ICPR02(III: 723-726).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef

Slatton, K.C., Crawford, M.M., Evans, B.L.,
Sensitivity analysis of a spatially adaptive estimator for data fusion,
Southwest02(72-76).
IEEE Top Reference. 0208
See also Fusing interferometric radar and laser altimeter data to estimate surface topography and vegetation heights. BibRef

DeCarlo, D.,
Towards Real-Time Cue Integration by Using Partial Results,
ECCV02(IV: 327 ff.).
HTML Version. 0205
BibRef

Sherrah, J.[Jamie], Gong, S.G.[Shao-Gang],
Continuous Global Evidence-Based Bayesian Modality Fusion for Simultaneous Tracking of Multiple Objects,
ICCV01(II: 42-49).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
BibRef
Earlier:
Fusion of Perceptual Cues using Covariance Estimation,
BMVC99(Movement and Tracking).
PDF Version. BibRef

Pan, H.[Hao], Liang, Z.P.[Zhi-Pei], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Exploiting the Dependencies in Information Fusion,
CVPR99(II: 407-412).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Bayesian framework. BibRef 9900

Pan, H., Liang, Z.P., Anastasio, T.J., Huang, T.S.,
A hybrid NN-Bayesian architecture for information fusion,
ICIP98(I: 368-371).
IEEE DOI Link 9810
BibRef

Bräutigam, C.G.[Carsten G.], Eklundh, J.O.[Jan-Olof], Christensen, H.I.[Henrik I.],
A Model-Free Voting Approach for Integrating Multiple Cues,
ECCV98(I: 734).
WWW Version. BibRef 9800

Hutber, D., Zhang, Z.,
A Two-Stage Approach to Multi-Sensor Temporal Data Fusion,
BMVC94(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 9409
BibRef

Proesmans, M., Pauwels, E.J., Van Gool, L.J., Moons, T., Oosterlinck, A.,
Image enhancement using non-linear diffusion,
CVPR93(680-681).
IEEE Abstract. 0403
BibRef

Pinz, A., Bartl, R.,
Information Fusion In Image Understanding,
ICPR92(I:366-370).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9200

Orr, M.J.L., Hallam, J., Fisher, R.B.,
Fusion Through Interpretation,
ECCV92(801-805).
Springer DOI Link BibRef 9200 Edinburgh BibRef

Booth, D.M., Thacker, N.A., Mayhew, J.E.W., Pidcock, M.K.,
Data Fusion Using an MLP,
BMVC91(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 9109
From several vision modules. BibRef

McKendall, R., Mintz, M.,
Non-Monotonic Decision Rules for Sensor Fusion,
DARPA90(874-880). BibRef 9000

Kamberova, G., and Mintz, M.,
Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion: A Decision-Theoretic Approach,
DARPA90(867-873). BibRef 9000

Chapter on Registration, Matching and Recognition Using Points, Lines, Regions, Areas, Surfaces continues in
Image and Sensor Fusion -- IR and Thermal .