16.6.2.2.1 Target Tracking Techniques, Multiple Trackers, Multiple Models, Fusion

Bar-Shalom, Y., Chang, K.C., and Blom, H.A.,
Tracking a Maneuvering Target Using Input Estimation Versus the Interacting Multiple Model Algorithm,
AeroSys(25), No. 2, 1989, pp. 296-300. See also Tracking Maneuvering Targets with Multiple Sensors: Does More Data Always Mean Better Estimates?. BibRef 8900

Cox, I.J., and Leonard, J.J.,
Modeling a Dynamic Environment Using a Multiple Hypothesis Approach,
AI(66), No. 2, March 1994, pp. 311-344.
WWW Version. BibRef 9403

Tissainayagam, P., Suter, D.,
Visual Tracking with Automatic Motion Model Switching,
PR(34), No. 3, March 2001, pp. 641-660.
WWW Version. 0101
BibRef
Earlier:
Visual Tracking of Multiple Objects with Automatic Motion Model Switching,
ICPR00(Vol III: 1134-1137).
IEEE DOI Link 0009
BibRef
Earlier:
Visual Tracking and Motion Determination Using the IMM Algorithm,
ICPR98(Vol I: 289-291).
IEEE DOI Link 9808
BibRef
Earlier:
Visual Feature Tracking with Automatic Motion Model Switching,
MVA98(xx-yy). BibRef

Tissainayagam, P., Suter, D.,
Performance Prediction Analysis of a Point Feature Tracker Based on Different Motion Models,
CVIU(84), No. 1, October 2001, pp. 104-125.
WWW Version. 0203
BibRef

Tissainayagam, P., Suter, D.,
Object tracking in image sequences using point features,
PR(38), No. 1, January 2005, pp. 105-113.
WWW Version. 0410
BibRef

Tissainayagam, P.[Prithiraj], Suter, D.[David],
Performance Measures For Assessing Contour Trackers,
IJIG(2), No. 2, April 2002, pp. 343-359. 0204
BibRef
Earlier:
Empirical Evaluation on the Performance of Contour Trackers,
EEMCV01(xx-yy). 0110
BibRef

Tissainayagam, P., Suter, D.,
Contour tracking with automatic motion model switching,
PR(36No. 10, October 2003, pp. 2411-2427.
WWW Version. 0308
BibRef

Tissainayagam, P., Suter, D.,
Assessing the performance of corner detectors for point feature tracking applications,
IVC(22), No. 8, August 2004, pp. 663-679.
WWW Version. 0405
Corner Detector. BibRef

Shearer, K.[Kim], Wong, K.D.[Kirrily D.], Venkatesh, S.[Svetha],
Combining multiple tracking algorithms for improved general performance,
PR(34), No. 6, June 2001, pp. 1257-1269.
WWW Version. 0103
BibRef

McCane, B.[Brendan], Galvin, B.[Ben], Novins, K.[Kevin],
Algorithmic Fusion for More Robust Feature Tracking,
IJCV(49), No. 1, August 2002, pp. 79-89.
WWW Version. 0209
BibRef

Toyama, K.[Kentaro], Horvitz, E.J.[Eric J.],
Modality fusion for object tracking with training system and method,
US_Patent6,502,082, Dec 31, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef 0212

Celeux, G.[Gilles], Nascimento, J.C.[Jacinto C.], Marques, J.S.[Jorge S.],
Learning switching dynamic models for objects tracking,
PR(37), No. 9, September 2004, pp. 1841-1853.
WWW Version. 0407
BibRef

Nascimento, J.C.[Jacinto C.], Figueiredo, M.A.T.[Mário A.T.], Marques, J.S.[Jorge S.],
Trajectory Classification Using Switched Dynamical Hidden Markov Models,
IP(19), No. 5, May 2010, pp. 1338-1348.
IEEE DOI Link 1004
BibRef
Earlier:
Trajectory analysis in natural images using mixtures of vector fields,
ICIP09(4353-4356).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef
And:
Trajectory Modeling Using Mixtures of Vector Fields,
IbPRIA09(40-47).
Springer DOI Link 0906
See also Similarity-Based Classification of Sequences Using Hidden Markov Models. BibRef

Nascimento, J.C.[Jacinto C.], Marques, J.S.[Jorge S.], Lemos, J.M.[Joao M.],
Flexible trajectory modeling using a mixture of parametric motion fields for video surveillance,
ICIP11(1413-1416).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Nascimento, J.C.[Jacinto C.], Marques, J.S.[Jorge S.],
Improving the robustness of gradient vector flow in cluttered images,
ICIP10(657-660).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
See also Improving the robustness of parametric shape tracking with switched multiple models. BibRef

Dawoud, A., Alam, M.S., Bal, A., Loo, C.,
Target Tracking in Infrared Imagery Using Weighted Composite Reference Function-Based Decision Fusion,
IP(15), No. 2, February 2006, pp. 404-410.
IEEE DOI Link 0602
BibRef

Wu, Y.[Ying], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Robust Visual Tracking by Integrating Multiple Cues Based on Co-Inference Learning,
IJCV(58), No. 1, June 2004, pp. 55-71.
WWW Version. 0403
BibRef
Earlier:
A Co-inference Approach to Robust Visual Tracking,
ICCV01(II: 26-33).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
BibRef

Hua, G.[Gang], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Variational Maximum A Posteriori by Annealed Mean Field Analysis,
PAMI(27), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 1747-1761.
IEEE DOI Link 0510
BibRef
Earlier:
Multi-scale visual tracking by sequential belief propagation,
CVPR04(I: 826-833).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
Overcome abrupt changes in motion. BibRef

Hua, G.[Gang], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Sequential mean field variational analysis of structured deformable shapes,
CVIU(101), No. 2, February 2005, pp. 87-99.
WWW Version. 0512
BibRef

Hua, G.[Gang], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Measurement integration under inconsistency for robust tracking,
CVPR06(I: 650-657).
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef

Veeraraghavan, H.[Harini], Schrater, P.[Paul], Papanikolopoulos, N.P.[Nikos P.],
Robust target detection and tracking through integration of motion, color, and geometry,
CVIU(103), No. 2, August 2006, pp. 121-138.
WWW Version. 0608
Multiple cue combination; Measurement error estimation; Expectation maximization; Data association BibRef

Brasnett, P.[Paul], Mihaylova, L.[Lyudmila], Bull, D.R.[David R.], Canagarajah, C.N.[C. Nishan],
Sequential Monte Carlo tracking by fusing multiple cues in video sequences,
IVC(25), No. 8, 1 August 2007, pp. 1217-1227.
WWW Version. 0706
Particle filtering; Tracking in video sequences; Colour; Texture; Edges; Multiple cues; Bhattacharyya distance See also Structural similarity-based object tracking in multimodality surveillance videos. BibRef

Vemula, M.[Mahesh], Bugallo, M.F.[Mónica F.], Djuric, P.M.[Petar M.],
Target tracking by fusion of random measures,
SIViP(1), No. 2, June 2007, pp. 149-161.
Springer DOI Link 0707
BibRef

Jia, Z.[Zhen], Balasuriya, A.[Arjuna], Challa, S.[Subhash],
Visual information fusion for object-based video image segmentation using unsupervised Bayesian online learning,
IET-IPR(1), No. 2, June 2007, pp. 168-181.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Olson, T.L.P.[Teresa Lorae Pace], Slaski, J.J.[James Joseph], Sanford, C.W.[Carl William], Han, R.Y.[Ruey-Yuan], Contini, C.L.[Casey Leonard], Reinig, R.R.[Robert Russell],
Real-time multi-stage infrared image-based tracking system,
US_Patent7,177,447, Feb 13, 2007
WWW Version. multiple trackers BibRef 0702

Tsechpenakis, C., Metaxas, D., Neidle, C.,
Combining Discrete and Continuous 3D Trackers,
HumMotBook08(6). 0802
BibRef

Jia, Z.[Zhen], Balasuriya, A.[Arjuna], Challa, S.[Subhash],
Vision based data fusion for autonomous vehicles target tracking using interacting multiple dynamic models,
CVIU(109), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 1-21.
WWW Version. 0801
BibRef
Earlier:
Camera motion and visual information fusion for 3D target tracking,
ICARCV04(III: 2297-2302).
IEEE DOI Link 0412
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, Only:
Motion based 3D Target Tracking with Interacting Multiple Linear Dynamic Models,
BMVC04(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0508
Optical flow; Extended Kalman Filtering; Image segmentation and clustering; Stereo vision; Target tracking; Autonomous vehicles; Linear dynamics model; Kinematic model; Interacting multiple models (IMM); Pinhole camera projection model; Template matching and updating; Sensor data fusion BibRef

Martinez, B.[Brais], Binefa, X.[Xavier],
Piecewise affine kernel tracking for non-planar targets,
PR(41), No. 12, December 2008, pp. 3682-3691.
WWW Version. 0810
Kernel-based tracking; Multiple kernel; SSD error; Visual tracking; Parametric motion BibRef

Martinez, B.[Brais], Vivet, M.[Marc], Binefa, X.[Xavier],
Compatible Particles for Part-Based Tracking,
AMDO10(1-10).
Springer DOI Link 1007
BibRef

Vivet, M.[Marc], Martínez, B.[Brais], Binefa, X.[Xavier],
Real-Time Motion Detection for a Mobile Observer Using Multiple Kernel Tracking and Belief Propagation,
IbPRIA09(144-151).
Springer DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Orriols, X., Binefa, X.[Xavier],
Classifying periodic motions in video sequences,
ICIP03(I: 945-948).
IEEE Abstract. 0312
BibRef

Martínez, B., Pérez, A., Ferraz, L., Binefa, X.[Xavier],
Structure Restriction for Tracking Through Multiple Views and Occlusions,
IbPRIA07(I: 121-128).
Springer DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Martinez, B., Ferraz, L., Binefa, X., Diaz-Caro, J.,
Multiple Kernel Two-Step Tracking,
ICIP06(2785-2788).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Leichter, I.[Ido], Lindenbaum, M.[Michael], Rivlin, E.[Ehud],
A General Framework for Combining Visual Trackers: The Black Boxes Approach,
IJCV(67), No. 3, May 2006, pp. 343-363.
Springer DOI Link 0606
BibRef
Earlier:
A probabilistic framework for combining tracking algorithms,
CVPR04(II: 445-451).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
BibRef
And:
A probabilistic cooperation between trackers of coupled objects,
ICIP04(II: 1045-1048).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
Formalized combination of multiple tracking results. BibRef

Leichter, I.[Ido], Lindenbaum, M.[Michael], Rivlin, E.[Ehud],
Bittracker: A Bitmap Tracker for Visual Tracking under Very General Conditions,
PAMI(30), No. 9, September 2008, pp. 1572-1588.
IEEE DOI Link 0808
Approximate a PDF for the object bitmap in each frame, and estimate the maximum change. No assumptions on motion of object or camera. BibRef

Leichter, I.[Ido], Lindenbaum, M.[Michael], Rivlin, E.[Ehud],
Tracking by Affine Kernel Transformations Using Color and Boundary Cues,
PAMI(31), No. 1, January 2009, pp. 164-171.
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef
Earlier:
Visual Tracking by Affine Kernel Fitting Using Color and Object Boundary,
ICCV07(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 0710
BibRef

Leichter, I.[Ido], Lindenbaum, M.[Michael], Rivlin, E.[Ehud],
Mean Shift tracking with multiple reference color histograms,
CVIU(114), No. 3, March 2010, pp. 400-408.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1003
Visual tracking; Mean Shift; Multiple references BibRef

Yang, M.[Ming], Fan, Z.M.[Zhi-Min], Fan, J., Wu, Y.[Ying],
Tracking Nonstationary Visual Appearances by Data-Driven Adaptation,
IP(18), No. 7, July 2009, pp. 1633-1644.
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Yang, M.[Ming], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Tracking Non-Stationary Appearances and Dynamic Feature Selection,
CVPR05(II: 1059-1066).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef

Fan, Z.M.[Zhi-Min], Yang, M.[Ming], Wu, Y.[Ying], Hua, G.[Gang], Yu, T.[Ting],
Efficient Optimal Kernel Placement for Reliable Visual Tracking,
CVPR06(I: 658-665).
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef

Fan, Z.M.[Zhi-Min], Yang, M.[Ming], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Multiple Collaborative Kernel Tracking,
PAMI(29), No. 7, July 2007, pp. 1268-1273.
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR05(II: 502-509).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
For motion fields that may not be recoverable from image measurements. Use local motion info. Scale and rotation changes. BibRef

Yang, M.[Ming], Yu, T.[Ting], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Game-Theoretic Multiple Target Tracking,
ICCV07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0710
BibRef

Yang, M.[Ming], Wu, Y.[Ying], Lao, S.H.[Shi-Hong],
Mining Auxiliary Objects for Tracking by Multibody Grouping,
ICIP07(III: 361-364).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef
Earlier:
Intelligent Collaborative Tracking by Mining Auxiliary Objects,
CVPR06(I: 697-704).
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef

Yang, M.[Ming], Wu, Y.[Ying], Hua, G.[Gang],
Context-Aware Visual Tracking,
PAMI(31), No. 7, July 2009, pp. 1195-1209.
IEEE DOI Link 0905
Consider context in tracking. Integrate into tracking objects discovered by data mining. These are persistant co-occurance and motion with the target, easy to track. See also Mining Compositional Features From GPS and Visual Cues for Event Recognition in Photo Collections. BibRef

Yuan, J.S.[Jun-Song], Wu, Y.[Ying], Yang, M.[Ming],
Discovery of Collocation Patterns: from Visual Words to Visual Phrases,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
bag-of-words. BibRef

Yuan, J.S.[Jun-Song], Wu, Y.[Ying],
Spatial Random Partition for Common Visual Pattern Discovery,
ICCV07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0710
BibRef

Yuan, J.S.[Jun-Song], Li, Z.[Zhu], Fu, Y.[Yun], Wu, Y.[Ying], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Common Spatial Pattern Discovery by Efficient Candidate Pruning,
ICIP07(I: 165-168).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Lakshman, H.[Haricharan], Schwarz, H.[Heiko], Wiegand, T.[Thomas],
Adaptive motion model selection using a cubic spline based estimation framework,
ICIP10(805-808).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Nascimento, J.C.[Jacinto C.], Silva, J.G.[Jorge G.],
Manifold Learning for Object Tracking with Multiple Motion Dynamics,
ECCV10(III: 172-185).
Springer DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Li, M.[Mu], Kwok, J.T.[James T.], Lu, B.L.[Bao-Liang],
Online multiple instance learning with no regret,
CVPR10(1395-1401).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
Adapt a batch approach to an iterative approach for tracking. BibRef

Lin, F.[Feng], Chen, B.M.[Ben M.], Lee, T.H.[Tong H.],
Robust Vision-Based Target Tracking Control System for an Unmanned Helicopter Using Feature Fusion,
MVA09(398-).
PDF Version. 0905
BibRef

Streib, K.[Kevin], Davis, J.W.[James W.],
Exploiting Multiple Cameras for Environmental Pathlets,
ISVC10(III: 613-624).
Springer DOI Link 1011
BibRef
And:
Extracting Pathlets from Weak Tracking Data,
AVSS10(353-360).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Strandmark, P.[Petter], Gu, I.Y.H.[Irene Y. H.],
Joint Random Sample Consensus and Multiple Motion Models for Robust Video Tracking,
SCIA09(450-459).
Springer DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Yin, Z.Z.[Zhao-Zheng], Porikli, F.M.[Fatih M.], Collins, R.T.[Robert T.],
Likelihood Map Fusion for Visual Object Tracking,
WACV08(1-7).
IEEE DOI Link 0801
BibRef

Chen, J.X.[Ji-Xu], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Online Spatial-temporal Data Fusion for Robust Adaptive Tracking,
Learning07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Lacey, A.J., Thacker, N.A., Seed, N.L.,
Feature Tracking and Motion Classification Using a Switchable Model Kalman Filter,
BMVC94(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 9409
BibRef

Chapter on Motion -- Feature-Based, Long Range, Motion and Structure Estimates, Tracking, Surveillance, Activities continues in
Target Tracking Techniques, Occlusions, Clutter .