18.3.4.2.2 Motion Sequence, Background Subtraction

Moore, J.K.[J. Kenneth], Kaiser, A.[Arthur], Mahler, H.W.[Henry W.],
Television system for displaying and recording paths of motion,
US_Patent4,179,704, Dec 18, 1979
WWW Version. Background subtraction. BibRef 7912

Woolfson, M.G.[Martin G.], Romanski, J.G.[John G.],
Apparatus and method for preprocessing video frame signals,
US_Patent4,405,940, Sep 20, 1983
WWW Version. target from background BibRef 8309

Morton, R.R.A.[Roger R. A.], Redden, J.E.[John E.],
Apparatus and methods for locating edges and document boundaries in video scan lines,
US_Patent4,833,722, May 23, 1989
WWW Version. Given background BibRef 8905

Morton, R.R.A.[Roger R. A.], Redden, J.E.[John E.], Lewis, S.[Scott],
Apparatus for enhancing and thresholding scanned microfilm images and methods for use therein,
US_Patent4,982,294, Jan 1, 1991
WWW Version. BibRef 9101

Toyama, M.[Masakazu], Hamba, N.[Nobuhiro],
Apparatus for measuring the dynamic state of traffic,
US_Patent5,301,239, 02/03/1992.
HTML Version. Compare to reference image. BibRef 9202

Otsuki, A.[Akira],
Image processing device and method for sensing moving objects and rangefinder employing the same,
US_Patent5,212,547, 05/18/1993.
HTML Version. Compute background based on average of sequence, detect object from difference. BibRef 9305

Brady, M.J.[Mark J.], Cerny, D.G.[Darin G.],
Method and apparatus for background determination and subtraction for a monocular vision system,
US_Patent5,684,898, Nov 4, 1997
WWW Version. BibRef 9711

Astle, B.[Brian],
Video coding scheme with foreground/background separation,
US_Patent5,812,787, Sep 22, 1998
WWW Version. BibRef 9809

Smoot, L.S.[Lanny Starkes],
Background extraction in a video picture,
US_Patent5,940,139, Aug 17, 1999
WWW Version. BibRef 9908

Ivanov, Y.A.[Yuri A.], Bobick, A.F.[Aaron F.], Liu, J.[John],
Fast Lighting Independent Background Subtraction,
IJCV(37), No. 2, June 2000, pp. 199-207.
WWW Version. 0008
BibRef
Earlier: VS98(Image Processing for Visual Surveillance). BibRef Vismod--437, 1997.
Postscript Version. BibRef

Tzidon, D.[Dekel], Tzidon, A.[Aviv],
Method of providing background patterns for camera tracking,
US_Patent6,191,812, Feb 20, 2001
WWW Version. Chroma key background BibRef 0102

Kondo, T.[Tetsujiro],
Method and apparatus for separating/generating background and motion object planes,
US_Patent6,275,617, Aug 14, 2001
WWW Version. BibRef 0108
And: US_Patent6,335,988, Jan 1, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef

Kondo, T.[Tetsujiro],
Image signal processing apparatus and recording/reproducing apparatus,
US_Patent5,835,138, Nov 10, 1998
WWW Version. BibRef 9811
And: US_Patent5,926,212, Jul 20, 1999
WWW Version. For stabilization BibRef

Elgammal, A.M.[Ahmed M.], Duraiswami, R., Harwood, D.[David], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.],
Background and foreground modeling using nonparametric kernel density estimation for visual surveillance,
PIEEE(90), 2002, pp. 1151-1163.
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 0200
Earlier: A1, A3, A4, Only:
Non-Parametric Model for Background Subtraction,
ECCV00(II: 751-767).
WWW Version. BibRef Frame-Rate99().
HTML Version. BibRef

Haritaoglu, I., Harwood, D., Davis, L.S.,
A Fast Background Scene Modeling and Maintenance for Outdoor Surveillance,
ICPR00(Vol IV: 179-183).
IEEE DOI Link 0009
BibRef

Horprasert, T.[Thanarat], Harwood, D.[David], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.],
A Statistical Approach for Real-time Robust Background Subtraction and Shadow Detection,
Frame-Rate99().
HTML Version. BibRef 9900

Kim, K.[Kyungnam], Chalidabhongse, T.H.[Thanarat H.], Harwood, D.[David], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.],
Real-time foreground-background segmentation using codebook model,
RealTimeImg(11), No. 3, June 2005, pp. 172-185.
WWW Version. 0508
BibRef
Earlier:
Background modeling and subtraction by codebook construction,
ICIP04(V: 3061-3064).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Kim, K.[Kyungnam], Harwood, D.[David], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.],
Background Updating for Visual Surveillance,
ISVC05(337-346).
Springer DOI Link 0512
BibRef

Wu, Q.Z.[Quen-Zong], Jeng, B.S.[Bor-Shenn],
Background subtraction based on logarithmic intensities,
PRL(23), No. 13, November 2002, pp. 1529-1536.
Elsevier DOI Link 0206
BibRef

Itokawa, O.[Osamu],
Image information processing apparatus and its method,
US_Patent6,404,901, Jun 11, 2002
WWW Version. BibRef 0206
And:
Image processing apparatus and image processing method, and storage medium,
US_Patent6,784,927, Aug 31, 2004
WWW Version. BibRef

Shoushtarian, B.[Bijan], Bez, H.E.[Helmut E.],
A practical adaptive approach for dynamic background subtraction using an invariant colour model and object tracking,
PRL(26), No. 1, 1 January 2005, pp. 5-26.
WWW Version. 0501
BibRef

Lee, D.S.[Dar-Shyang],
Effective Gaussian Mixture Learning for Video Background Subtraction,
PAMI(27), No. 5, May 2005, pp. 827-832.
IEEE Abstract. 0501
BibRef
Earlier:
Online Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Learning for Video Applications,
SMVP04(105-116).
WWW Version. 0505
Adapt the measure for each frame. BibRef

Cheung, S.C.S.[Sen-Ching S.], Kamath, C.[Chandrika],
Robust Background Subtraction with Foreground Validation for Urban Traffic Video,
JASP(2005), No. 14, 2005, pp. 2330-2340.
WWW Version. 0603
BibRef

Li, B.X.[Bao-Xin],
Image background replacement method,
US_Patent6,909,806, Jun 21, 2005
WWW Version. BibRef 0506

Schoepflin, T.[Todd], Haynor, D.R.[David R.], Sahr, J.D.[John D.], Kim, Y.M.[Yong-Min],
Video object tracking by estimating and subtracting background,
US_Patent6,870,945, Mar 22, 2005
WWW Version. BibRef 0503

Olson, T.J.[Thomas J.],
Automatic video monitoring system which selectively saves information,
US_Patent7,023,469, Apr 4, 2006
WWW Version. BibRef 0604

Spagnolo, P., d'Orazio, T.[Tiziana], Leo, M.[Marco], Distante, A.,
Moving object segmentation by background subtraction and temporal analysis,
IVC(24), No. 5, 1 May 2006, pp. 411-423.
WWW Version. 0606
Moving object segmentation; Temporal analysis; Background updating BibRef

Zivkovic, Z.[Zoran], van der Heijden, F.[Ferdinand],
Efficient adaptive density estimation per image pixel for the task of background subtraction,
PRL(27), No. 7, May 2006, pp. 773-780.
WWW Version. 0604
On-line density estimation; Gaussian mixture model; Non-parametric density estimation BibRef

Zivkovic, Z.,
Layered image model using binary PCA transparency masks,
BMVC07(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0709
BibRef

Cheng, J.[Jian], Yang, J.[Jie], Zhou, Y.[Yue], Cui, Y.Y.[Ying-Ying],
Flexible background mixture models for foreground segmentation,
IVC(24), No. 5, 1 May 2006, pp. 473-482.
WWW Version. Foreground segmentation; Background subtraction; Mixture models; EM algorithm; Maximum a posteriori (MAP) 0606
BibRef

Davis, J.W.[James W.], Sharma, V.[Vinay],
Background-Subtraction in Thermal Imagery Using Contour Saliency,
IJCV(71), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 161-181.
Springer DOI Link 0609
BibRef
Earlier:
Fusion-Based Background-Subtraction using Contour Saliency,
OTCBVS05(III: 11-11).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef
And: A2, A1:
Feature-level Fusion for Object Segmentation using Mutual Information,
OTCBVS06(139).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Davis, J.W.[James W.], Sharma, V.[Vinay],
Background-subtraction using contour-based fusion of thermal and visible imagery,
CVIU(106), No. 2-3, May-June 2007, pp. 162-182.
WWW Version. 0705
BibRef
Earlier:
Robust detection of people in thermal imagery,
ICPR04(IV: 713-716).
IEEE DOI Link 0409
BibRef
Earlier:
Robust Background-Subtraction for Person Detection in Thermal Imagery,
OTCBVS04(128).
HTML Version. 0502
Background-subtraction; Fusion; Thermal imagery; Infrared; FLIR; Contour Saliency Map; CSM; Video surveillance and monitoring; Person detection BibRef

Sharma, V.[Vinay], Davis, J.W.[James W.],
Integrating Appearance and Motion Cues for Simultaneous Detection and Segmentation of Pedestrians,
ICCV07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0710
BibRef
And:
Simultaneous Detection and Segmentation of Pedestrians using Top-down and Bottom-up Processing,
VS07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef
Earlier:
Extraction of Person Silhouettes from Surveillance Imagery using MRFs,
WACV07(33-33).
IEEE DOI Link 0702
BibRef

Wang, H.Z.[Han-Zi], Suter, D.[David],
A consensus-based method for tracking: Modelling background scenario and foreground appearance,
PR(40), No. 3, March 2007, pp. 1091-1105.
WWW Version. 0611
BibRef
Background Subtraction Based on a Robust Consensus Method,
ICPR06(I: 223-226).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef
Earlier:
A Novel Robust Statistical Method for Background Initialization and Visual Surveillance,
ACCV06(I:328-337).
Springer DOI Link 0601
BibRef
Earlier:
Background initialization with a new robust statistical approach,
PETS05(153-159).
IEEE DOI Link 0602
Background modelling; Background subtraction; Sample consensus; Visual tracking; Segmentation; Foreground appearance modelling; Occlusion BibRef

Schindler, K.[Konrad], Wang, H.Z.[Han-Zi],
Smooth Foreground-Background Segmentation for Video Processing,
ACCV06(II:581-590).
Springer DOI Link 0601
BibRef

Manzanera, A.[Antoine], Richefeu, J.C.[Julien C.],
A new motion detection algorithm based on Sigma-Delta background estimation,
PRL(28), No. 3, 1 February 2007, pp. 320-328.
WWW Version. 0701
Motion detection; Background estimation; Recursive filtering BibRef

Manzanera, A.[Antoine],
Sigma-Delta Background Subtraction and the Zipf Law,
CIARP07(42-51).
Springer DOI Link 0711
BibRef

Oral, M.[Mustafa], Deniz, U.[Umut],
Centre of mass model: A novel approach to background modelling for segmentation of moving objects,
IVC(25), No. 8, 1 August 2007, pp. 1365-1376.
WWW Version. 0706
Centre of mass; Image modelling; Motion segmentation; Background subtracting BibRef

Chen, Y.T.[Yu-Ting], Chen, C.S.[Chu-Song], Huang, C.R.[Chun-Rong], Hung, Y.P.[Yi-Ping],
Efficient hierarchical method for background subtraction,
PR(40), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 2706-2715.
WWW Version. 0707
Hierarchical background modeling; Background subtraction; Contrast histogram; Non-stationary background; Object detection; Video surveillance BibRef

Tsai, Y.P.[Yu-Pao], Ko, C.H.[Cheng-Hung], Hung, Y.P.[Yi-Ping], Shih, Z.C.[Zen-Chung],
Background Removal of Multiview Images by Learning Shape Priors,
IP(16), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 2607-2616.
IEEE DOI Link 0711
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1, A4, A3:
A New Image Segmentation Method for Removing Background of Object Movies by Learning Shape Priors,
ICPR06(I: 323-326).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Taycher, L.[Leonid], Fisher, III, J.W.[John W.], Darrell, T.J.[Trevor J.],
Combining Object and Feature Dynamics in Probabilistic Tracking,
CVIU(108), No. 3, December 2007, pp. 243-260.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR05(II: 106-113).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef
And: CSAIL-2005-016, March 2005.
WWW Version. BibRef
And:
Incorporating Object Tracking Feedback into Background Maintenance Framework,
Motion05(II: 120-125).
IEEE DOI Link 0502
Probabilistic graphical models; Approximate models; Articulated body tracking; Background subtraction; Shape from motion BibRef

Liu, Y.Z.[Ya-Zhou], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Gao, W.[Wen], Chen, X.L.[Xi-Lin], Zhao, D.B.[De-Bin],
Nonparametric background generation,
JVCIR(18), No. 3, June 2007, pp. 253-263.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef
Earlier: ICPR06(IV: 916-919).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
Background subtraction; Background generation; Mean shift; Effect components description; Most reliable background mode; Video surveillance BibRef

Maddalena, L.[Lucia], Petrosino, A.[Alfredo],
A Self-Organizing Approach to Background Subtraction for Visual Surveillance Applications,
IP(17), No. 7, July 2008, pp. 1168-1177.
IEEE DOI Link 0806
BibRef
Earlier:
Moving Object Detection for Real-Time Applications,
CIAP07(542-547).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef
Earlier:
A Self-organizing Approach to Detection of Moving Patterns for Real-Time Applications,
BVAI07(181-190).
Springer DOI Link 0710
BibRef

Maddalena, L.[Lucia], Petrosino, A.[Alfredo],
3D Neural Model-Based Stopped Object Detection,
CIAP09(585-593).
Springer DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Mittal, A.[Anurag], Monnet, A.[Antoine], Paragios, N.[Nikos],
Scene modeling and change detection in dynamic scenes: A subspace approach,
CVIU(113), No. 1, January 2009, pp. 63-79.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0812
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A3, Only:
Motion-based background subtraction using adaptive kernel density estimation,
CVPR04(II: 302-309).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
Scene analysis; Background subtraction; Time series; Principal component analysis BibRef

Monnet, A., Mittal, A., Paragios, N., Ramesh, V.,
Background modeling and subtraction of dynamic scenes,
ICCV03(1305-1312).
IEEE DOI Link 0311
BibRef

Tsai, D.M., Lai, S.C.,
Independent Component Analysis-Based Background Subtraction for Indoor Surveillance,
IP(18), No. 1, January 2009, pp. 158-167.
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Abbott, R.G.[Robert G.], Williams, L.R.[Lance R.],
Multiple target tracking with lazy background subtraction and connected components analysis,
MVA(20), No. 2, February 2009, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI Link 0902
BibRef

McHugh, J.M.[J. Mike], Konrad, J.[Janusz], Saligrama, V.[Venkatesh], Jodoin, P.M.[Pierre-Marc],
Foreground-Adaptive Background Subtraction,
SPLetters(16), No. 5, May 2009, pp. 390-393.
IEEE DOI Link 0903
BibRef

McHugh, J.M.[J. Mike], Konrad, J.[Janusz], Saligrama, V.[Venkatesh], Jodoin, P.M.[Pierre-Marc], Castanon, D.[David],
Motion detection with false discovery rate control,
ICIP08(873-876).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Kaplan, L.M.[Lance M.], Nasrabadi, N.M.[Nasser M.],
Block Wiener-based image registration for moving target indication,
IVC(27), No. 6, 4 May 2009, pp. 694-703.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0904
Image registration; Wiener filtering; Least mean-squared estimation; Moving target indication BibRef

Poppe, C.[Chris], de Bruyne, S.[Sarah], Paridaens, T.[Tom], Lambert, P.[Peter], van de Walle, R.[Rik],
Moving object detection in the H.264/AVC compressed domain for video surveillance applications,
JVCIR(20), No. 6, August 2009, pp. 428-437.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0907
Moving object detection; Compressed domain analysis; Video surveillance; Object Segmentation; MPEG video; Block-based video coding; H. 264/AVC; Signal processing BibRef

Verstockt, S.[Steven], de Bruyne, S.[Sarah], Poppe, C.[Chris], Lambert, P.[Peter], van de Walle, R.[Rik],
Multi-view Object Localization in H.264/AVC Compressed Domain,
AVSBS09(370-374).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Poppe, C.[Chris], Martens, G.[Gaëtan], Lambert, P.[Peter], van de Walle, R.[Rik],
Improved Background Mixture Models for Video Surveillance Applications,
ACCV07(I: 251-260).
Springer DOI Link 0711
BibRef
And:
Mixture Models Based Background Subtraction for Video Surveillance Applications,
CAIP07(28-35).
Springer DOI Link 0708
BibRef

Zha, Y.F.[Yu-Fei], Bi, D.Y.[Du-Yan], Yang, Y.[Yuan],
Learning complex background by multi-scale discriminative model,
PRL(30), No. 11, 1 August 2009, pp. 1003-1014,.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0909
Background subtraction; Multi-scale; Kernel density estimation; AdaBoost; Markov random field See also Graph-based transductive learning for robust visual tracking. BibRef

Mahadevan, V.[Vijay], Vasconcelos, N.[Nuno],
Spatiotemporal Saliency in Dynamic Scenes,
PAMI(32), No. 1, January 2010, pp. 171-177.
IEEE DOI Link 0912
BibRef
Earlier:
Saliency-based discriminant tracking,
CVPR09(1007-1013).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef
Earlier:
Background subtraction in highly dynamic scenes,
CVPR08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 0806
Based on center-surround, inspired by biological systems. Patches modeled as dynamic textures. BibRef

Chan, A.B.[Antoni B.], Mahadevan, V.[Vijay], Vasconcelos, N.[Nuno],
Generalized Stauffer-Grimson background subtraction for dynamic scenes,
MVA(22), No. 5, September 2011, pp. 751-766.
WWW Version. 1108
BibRef

Elhabian, S., El-Sayed, K., Ahmed, S.,
Moving Object Detection in Spatial Domain using Background Removal Techniques: State-of-Art,
RPCS(1), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 32-54.
PDF Version.
WWW Version. Survey, Background Subtraction. 1001
BibRef

Bouwmans, T., El Baf, F., Vachon, B.,
Background Modeling using Mixture of Gaussians for Foreground Detection: A Survey,
RPCS(1), No. 3, November 2008, pp. 219-237.
PDF Version. Survey, Background Subtraction. 1001
BibRef

Bouwmans, T.[Thierry],
Subspace Learning for Background Modeling: A Survey,
RPCS(2), No. 3, November 2009, pp. 223-234.
WWW Version. 1001
Survey, Motion Detection. BibRef

Marghes, C.[Cristina], Bouwman, T.[Thierry],
Background Modeling via Incremental Maximum Margin Criterion,
Subspace10(394-403).
Springer DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Bouwmans, T., El Baf, F., Vachon, B.,
Statistical Background Modeling for Foreground Detection: A Survey,
HPRCV09(IV: 181-199). Survey, Background Subtraction. 1001
BibRef

Casares, M.[Mauricio], Velipasalar, S.[Senem], Pinto, A.[Alvaro],
Light-weight salient foreground detection for embedded smart cameras,
CVIU(114), No. 11, November 2010, pp. 1223-1237.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1011
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, Only: ICDSC08(1-7).
IEEE DOI Link 0809
Foreground detection; Background subtraction; Salient motion; Light-weight; Memory; Embedded; Smart camera See also Adaptive Methodologies for Energy-Efficient Object Detection and Tracking With Battery-Powered Embedded Smart Cameras. BibRef

Casares, M.[Mauricio], Santinelli, P.[Paolo], Velipasalar, S.[Senem], Prati, A.[Andrea], Cucchiara, R.[Rita],
Energy-Efficient Foreground Object Detection on Embedded Smart Cameras by Hardware-Level Operations,
ECVW11(150-156).
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Fakhfakh, N., Khoudour, L., El-Koursi, E., Bruyelle, J.L., Dufaux, A., Jacot, J.,
3D Objects Localization Using Fuzzy Approach and Hierarchical Belief Propagation: Application at Level Crossings,
JIVP(2011), No. 2011, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 1101
BibRef
Earlier:
Background subtraction and 3D localization of moving and stationary obstacles at level crossings,
IPTA10(72-78).
IEEE DOI Link 1007
BibRef

Zhao, C.[Cong], Wang, X.G.[Xiao-Gang], Cham, W.K.[Wai-Kuen],
Background Subtraction via Robust Dictionary Learning,
JIVP(2011), No. 2011, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 1103
BibRef

Suhr, J.K., Jung, H.G., Li, G., Kim, J.,
Mixture of Gaussians-Based Background Subtraction for Bayer-Pattern Image Sequences,
CirSysVideo(21), No. 3, March 2011, pp. 365-370.
IEEE DOI Link 1104
BibRef

Barnich, O., van Droogenbroeck, M.,
ViBe: A Universal Background Subtraction Algorithm for Video Sequences,
IP(20), No. 6, June 2011, pp. 1709-1724.
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Cheng, F.C., Huang, S.C., Ruan, S.J.,
Scene Analysis for Object Detection in Advanced Surveillance Systems Using Laplacian Distribution Model,
SMC-C(41), No. 5, September 2011, pp. 589-598.
IEEE DOI Link 1109
background subtraction approach to detect objects. BibRef

Hu, W.C.[Wu-Chih], Chen, C.H.[Chao-Ho], Huang, D.Y.[Deng-Yuan], Ye, Y.T.[Yan-Ting],
Video object segmentation in rainy situations based on difference scheme with object structure and color analysis,
JVCIR(23), No. 2, February 2012, pp. 303-312.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1201
Video object segmentation; Background subtraction; Frame difference; Object structure; Color analysis; Rainy situation; Change detection; Diamond window mask BibRef

Zaharescu, A.[Andrei], Jamieson, M.[Michael],
Multi-scale multi-feature codebook-based background subtraction,
VS11(1753-1760).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Kwak, S.[Suha], Lim, T.[Taegyu], Nam, W.H.[Woon-Hyun], Han, B.H.[Bo-Hyung], Han, J.H.[Joon Hee],
Generalized background subtraction based on hybrid inference by belief propagation and Bayesian filtering,
ICCV11(2174-2181).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Nam, W.H.[Woon-Hyun], Han, J.H.[Joon-Hee],
Motion-based background modeling for foreground segmentation,
VSSN06(35-44).
WWW Version. 0701
BibRef

Hu, Z.P.[Zhi-Peng], Wang, Y.[Yaowei], Tian, Y.H.[Yong-Hong], Huang, T.J.[Tie-Jun],
Selective eigenbackgrounds method for background subtraction in crowed scenes,
ICIP11(3277-3280).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Marie, R.[Romain], Potelle, A.[Alexis], Mouaddib, E.[El_Mustapha],
Dynamic background subtraction using moments,
ICIP11(2369-2372).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Xing, J.L.[Jun-Liang], Liu, L.W.[Li-Wei], Ai, H.Z.[Hai-Zhou],
Background subtraction through multiple life span modeling,
ICIP11(2953-2956).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Bhutta, A.A.[Adeel A.], Junejo, I.N.[Imran N.], Foroosh, H.[Hassan],
Selective subtraction when the scene cannot be learned,
ICIP11(3273-3276).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Nguyen, T.T.[Thuy Tuong], Jeon, J.W.[Jae Wook],
Real-Time Background Compensation for PTZ Cameras Using GPU Accelerated and Range-Limited Genetic Algorithm Search,
PSIVT11(I: 85-96).
Springer DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Wang, H., Miller, P.,
Regularized online Mixture of Gaussians for background subtraction,
AVSBS11(249-254).
IEEE DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Gorur, P., Amrutur, B.,
Speeded up Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm for background subtraction,
AVSBS11(386-391).
IEEE DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Song, T.[Taeyup], Han, D.K., Ko, H.S.[Han-Seok],
Robust background subtraction using data fusion for real elevator scene,
AVSBS11(392-397).
IEEE DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Monari, E., Pollok, T.,
A real-time image-to-panorama registration approach for background subtraction using pan-tilt-cameras,
AVSBS11(237-242).
IEEE DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Lanza, A.[Alessandro], Salti, S., di Stefano, L.[Luigi],
Background subtraction by non-parametric probabilistic clustering,
AVSBS11(243-248).
IEEE DOI Link 1111
BibRef

Lanza, A.[Alessandro], Tombari, F.[Federico], di Stefano, L.[Luigi],
Second-Order Polynomial Models for Background Subtraction,
VS10(1-11).
Springer DOI Link 1109
BibRef
And:
Robust and efficient background subtraction by quadratic polynomial fitting,
ICIP10(1537-1540).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef
And:
Accurate and Efficient Background Subtraction by Monotonic Second-Degree Polynomial Fitting,
AVSS10(376-383).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Dauphin, G.[Gabriel], Khanfir, S.[Sami],
Background suppression with low-resolution camera in the context of medication intake monitoring,
EUVIP11(128-133).
IEEE DOI Link 1110
BibRef

Varadarajan, S., Karam, L.J., Florencio, D.,
Background subtraction using spatio-temporal continuities,
EUVIP10(144-148).
IEEE DOI Link 1110
BibRef

Liu, L.[Leyuan], Sang, N.[Nong],
Metrics for Objective Evaluation of Background Subtraction Algorithms,
ICIG11(562-565).
IEEE DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Zhou, W.[Wei], Liu, Y.[Yu], Zhang, W.M.[Wei-Ming], Zhuang, L.S.[Lian-Sheng], Yu, N.H.[Neng-Hai],
Dynamic Background Subtraction Using Spatial-Color Binary Patterns,
ICIG11(314-319).
IEEE DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Brutzer, S.[Sebastian], Hoferlin, B.[Benjamin], Heidemann, G.[Gunther],
Evaluation of background subtraction techniques for video surveillance,
CVPR11(1937-1944).
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Lee, Y.C.[Yong-Cheol], Jung, J.Y.[Ji-Young], Kweon, I.S.[In-So],
Hierarchical on-line boosting based background subtraction,
FCV11(1-5).
IEEE DOI Link 1102
BibRef

Wang, L.F.[Ling-Feng], Wu, H.Y.[Huai-Yu], Pan, C.H.[Chun-Hong],
Adaptive e-LBP for Background Subtraction,
ACCV10(III: 560-571).
Springer DOI Link 1011
BibRef

Fabian, T.[Tomas],
Mixture of Gaussians Exploiting Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Background Subtraction,
ISVC10(II: 716-725).
Springer DOI Link 1011
BibRef

Bayona, A.[Alvaro], San Miguel, J.C.[Juan C.], Martinez, J.M.[Jose M.],
Stationary foreground detection using background subtraction and temporal difference in video surveillance,
ICIP10(4657-4660).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Xue, G.[Gengjian], Sun, J.[Jun], Song, L.[Li],
Background subtraction based on phase and distance transform under sudden illumination change,
ICIP10(3465-3468).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Azab, M.M.[Maha M.], Shedeed, H.A.[Howida A.], Hussein, A.S.[Ashraf S.],
A new technique for background modeling and subtraction for motion detection in real-time videos,
ICIP10(3453-3456).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Movshovitz-Attias, Y.[Yair], Peleg, S.[Shmuel],
Bacteria-Filters: Persistent particle filters for background subtraction,
ICIP10(677-680).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Vosters, L.P.J., Shan, C.F.[Cai-Feng], Gritti, T.,
Background Subtraction under Sudden Illumination Changes,
AVSS10(384-391).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Langmann, B.[Benjamin], Ghobadi, S.E.[Seyed E.], Hartmann, K.[Klaus], Loffeld, O.[Otmar],
Multi-modal background subtraction using Gaussian Mixture Models,
PCVIA10(A:61).
PDF Version. 1009
BibRef

Dickinson, P.[Patrick], Hunter, A.[Andrew], Appiah, K.[Kofi],
Segmenting Video Foreground Using a Multi-Class MRF,
ICPR10(1848-1851).
IEEE DOI Link 1008
BibRef

Wolf, C.[Christian], Jolion, J.M.[Jean-Michel],
Integrating a Discrete Motion Model into GMM Based Background Subtraction,
ICPR10(9-12).
IEEE DOI Link 1008
BibRef

Guo, J.M.[Jing-Ming], Hsu, C.S.[Chih-Sheng],
Cascaded Background Subtraction Using Block-Based and Pixel-Based Codebooks,
ICPR10(1373-1376).
IEEE DOI Link 1008
BibRef

Guillot, C.[Constant], Taron, M.[Maxime], Sayd, P.[Patrick], Pham, Q.C.[Quoc Cuong], Tilmant, C.[Christophe], Lavest, J.M.[Jean-Marc],
Background Subtraction for PTZ Cameras Performing a Guard Tour and Application to Cameras with Very Low Frame Rate,
VS10(33-42).
Springer DOI Link 1109
BibRef
And:
Background subtraction adapted to PTZ cameras by keypoint density estimation,
BMVC10(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 1009
BibRef

Gabard, C.[Christophe], Lucat, L.[Laurent], Achard, C.[Catherine], Guillot, C., Sayd, P.[Patrick],
Error Decreasing of Background Subtraction Process by Modeling the Foreground,
VS10(123-132).
Springer DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Dhome, Y.[Yoann], Tronson, N.[Nicolas], Vacavant, A.[Antoine], Chateau, T.[Thierry], Gabard, C.[Christophe], Goyat, Y.[Yann], Gruyer, D.[Dominique],
A benchmark for Background Subtraction Algorithms in monocular vision: A comparative study,
IPTA10(66-71).
IEEE DOI Link 1007
BibRef

Liao, S.C.[Sheng-Cai], Zhao, G.Y.[Guo-Ying], Kellokumpu, V.[Vili], Pietikainen, M.[Matti], Li, S.Z.[Stan Z.],
Modeling pixel process with scale invariant local patterns for background subtraction in complex scenes,
CVPR10(1301-1306).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Ko, T.[Teresa], Soatto, S.[Stefano], Estrin, D.[Deborah],
Warping background subtraction,
CVPR10(1331-1338).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Zhong, B.N.[Bi-Neng], Liu, S.H.[Shao-Hui], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun],
Local Spatial Co-occurrence for Background Subtraction via Adaptive Binned Kernel Estimation,
ACCV09(III: 152-161).
Springer DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Gong, M.L.[Ming-Lun], Cheng, L.[Li],
Incorporating estimated motion in real-time background subtraction,
ICIP11(3265-3268).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1:
Realtime background subtraction from dynamic scenes,
ICCV09(2066-2073).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
See also Real-time foreground segmentation on GPUs using local online learning and global graph cut optimization. BibRef

Sheikh, Y.[Yaser], Javed, O.[Omar], Kanade, T.[Takeo],
Background Subtraction for Freely Moving Cameras,
ICCV09(1219-1225).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Rahtu, E.[Esa], Heikkila, J.[Janne],
A Simple and efficient saliency detector for background subtraction,
VS09(1137-1144).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Lee, D.Y.[Dae-Youn], Ahn, J.K.[Jae-Kyun], Kim, C.S.[Chang-Su],
Fast background subtraction algorithm using two-level sampling and silhouette detection,
ICIP09(3177-3180).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Tombari, F.[Federico], di Stefano, L.[Luigi], Lanza, A.[Alessandro], Mattoccia, S.[Stefano],
Non-linear parametric Bayesian regression for robust background subtraction,
WMVC09(1-7).
IEEE DOI Link 0912
See also Bayesian Loop for Synergistic Change Detection and Tracking. BibRef

Ko, T.[Teresa], Soatto, S.[Stefano], Estrin, D.[Deborah],
Background Subtraction on Distributions,
ECCV08(III: 276-289).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Panahi, S., Sheikhi, S., Hadadan, S., Gheissari, N.,
Evaluation of Background Subtraction Methods,
DICTA08(357-364).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Min, S.[Seungki], Kim, J.W.[Jung-Whan], Park, A.[Anjin], Hong, G.J.[Gwang-Jin], Jung, K.C.[Kee-Chul],
Graph-Cut Based Background Subtraction Using Visual Hull in Multiveiw Images,
DICTA08(372-377).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Izquierdo-Guerra, W.[Walter], García-Reyes, E.[Edel],
Background Division, A Suitable Technique for Moving Object Detection,
CIARP10(121-127).
Springer DOI Link 1011
BibRef
Earlier:
A Novel Approach to Robust Background Subtraction,
CIARP09(69-76).
Springer DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Zhang, S.P.[Suo-Ping], Qi, Z.H.[Zhan-Hui], Zhang, D.L.[Dong-Liang],
Ship Tracking Using Background Subtraction and Inter-Frame Correlation,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Tian, G.D.[Guo-Dong], Men, A.D.[Ai-Dong],
An Improved Texture-Based Method for Background Subtraction Using Local Binary Patterns,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Herrero, S.[Sonsoles], Bescós, J.[Jesús],
Background Subtraction Techniques: Systematic Evaluation and Comparative Analysis,
ACIVS09(33-42).
Springer DOI Link 0909
BibRef

San Miguel, J.C.[Juan Carlos], Martinez, J.M.[José M.],
On the Evaluation of Background Subtraction Algorithms without Ground-Truth,
AVSS10(180-187).
IEEE DOI Link 1009
BibRef

Bayona, Á.[Álvaro], San Miguel, J.C.[Juan Carlos], Martinez, J.M.[José M.],
Comparative Evaluation of Stationary Foreground Object Detection Algorithms Based on Background Subtraction Techniques,
AVSBS09(25-30).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Vijverberg, J.A.[Julien A.], Loomans, M.J.H.[Marijn J.H.], Koeleman, C.J.[Cornelis J.], de With, P.H.N.[Peter H.N.],
Global Illumination Compensation for Background Subtraction Using Gaussian-Based Background Difference Modeling,
AVSBS09(448-453).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
BibRef

Klare, B.[Brendan], Sarkar, S.[Sudeep],
Background subtraction in varying illuminations using an ensemble based on an enlarged feature set,
OTCBVS09(66-73).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Singh, A.[Abhishek], Jaikumar, P.[Padmini], Mitra, S.K.[Suman K.],
A Sampling-Resampling Based Bayesian Learning Approach for Object Tracking,
ICCVGIP08(442-449).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Zhong, B.[Bineng], Liu, S.H.[Shao-Hui], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Zhang, B.C.[Bao-Chang],
Multl-resolution background subtraction for dynamic scenes,
ICIP09(3193-3196).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Zhang, S.P.[Sheng-Ping], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Liu, S.H.[Shao-Hui], Chen, X.L.[Xi-Lin], Gao, W.[Wen],
A covariance-based method for dynamic background subtraction,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Zhong, B.N.[Bi-Neng], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Shan, S.G.[Shi-Guang], Chen, X.L.[Xi-Lin], Gao, W.[Wen],
Hierarchical background subtraction using local pixel clustering,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Amato, A.[Ariel], Mozerov, M.[Mikhail], Huerta, I.[Ivan], Gonzalez, J.[Jordi], Villanueva, J.J.[Juan J.],
Background subtraction technique based on chromaticity and intensity patterns,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Zhang, S.P.[Sheng-Ping], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Liu, S.[Shaohui],
Dynamic background modeling and subtraction using spatio-temporal local binary patterns,
ICIP08(1556-1559).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Jin, Y.X.[Yu-Xin], Tao, L.M.[Lin-Mi], Di, H.[Huijun], Rao, N.I.[Naveed I.], Xu, G.Y.[Guang-You],
Background modeling from a free-moving camera by Multi-Layer Homography Algorithm,
ICIP08(1572-1575).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Lee, H.[Huang], Wu, C.[Chen], Aghajan, H.,
Nonstationary Background Removal Via Multiple Camera Collaboration,
ICDSC07(321-327).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Zhang, S.P.[Sheng-Ping], Yao, H.X.[Hong-Xun], Liu, S.H.[Shao-Hui],
Dynamic Background Subtraction Based on Local Dependency Histogram,
VS08(xx-yy). 0810
BibRef

Reddy, D.[Dikpal], Sankaranarayanan, A.C.[Aswin C.], Cevher, V.[Volkan], Chellappa, R.[Rama],
Compressed sensing for multi-view tracking and 3-D voxel reconstruction,
ICIP08(221-224).
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Cevher, V.[Volkan], Sankaranarayanan, A.C.[Aswin C.], Duarte, M.F.[Marco F.], Reddy, D.[Dikpal], Baraniuk, R.G.[Richard G.], Chellappa, R.[Rama],
Compressive Sensing for Background Subtraction,
ECCV08(II: 155-168).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Pilet, J.[Julien], Strecha, C.[Christoph], Fua, P.[Pascal],
Making Background Subtraction Robust to Sudden Illumination Changes,
ECCV08(IV: 567-580).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Jaikumar, P., Singh, A., Mitra, S.K.,
Background Subtraction in Videos using Bayesian Learning with Motion Information,
BMVC08(xx-yy).
PDF Version. 0809
BibRef

Shafait, F.[Faisal], van Beusekom, J.[Joost], Keysers, D.[Daniel], Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
Background variability modeling for statistical layout analysis,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Ulges, A.[Adrian], Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
Can Motion Segmentation Improve Patch-Based Object Recognition?,
ICPR10(3041-3044).
IEEE DOI Link 1008
BibRef

Ulges, A.[Adrian], Breuel, T.M.[Thomas M.],
A Local Discriminative Model for Background Subtraction,
DAGM08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Link 0806
BibRef

Jia, L.[Lihao], Liu, Y.K.[Yi-Kun],
A Novel Thresholding Approach to Background Subtraction,
WACV08(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 0801
BibRef

Dalley, G.[Gerald], Migdal, J.[Joshua], Grimson, W.E.L.[W. Eric L.],
Background Subtraction for Temporally Irregular Dynamic Textures,
WACV08(1-7).
IEEE DOI Link 0801
BibRef

Shimad, A.[Atsushi], Yoshinaga, S.[Satoshi], Taniguchi, R.I.[Rin-Ichiro],
Adaptive Background Modeling for Paused Object Regions,
VS10(12-22).
Springer DOI Link 1109
BibRef

Tanaka, T.[Tatsuya], Shimada, A.[Atsushi], Arita, D.[Daisaku], Taniguchi, R.I.[Rin-Ichiro],
A fast algorithm for adaptive background model construction using parzen density estimation,
AVSBS07(528-533).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Rodhetbhai, W.[Wasara], Lewis, P.H.[Paul H.],
Salient Region Filtering for Background Subtraction,
Visual07(126-135).
Springer DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Wang, L.[Lu], Wang, L.[Lei], Wen, M.[Ming], Zhuo, Q.[Qing], Wang, W.Y.[Wen-Yuan],
Background Subtraction using Incremental Subspace Learning,
ICIP07(V: 45-48).
IEEE DOI Link 0709
BibRef

Huerta, I., Rowe, D., Mozerov, M., Gonzàlez, J.,
Improving Background Subtraction Based on a Casuistry of Colour-Motion Segmentation Problems,
IbPRIA07(II: 475-482).
Springer DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Yao, J.[Jian], Odobez, J.M.[Jean-Marc],
Multi-Layer Background Subtraction Based on Color and Texture,
VS07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Fukui, S.[Shinji], Iwahori, Y.[Yuji], Itoh, H.[Hidenori], Kawanaka, H.[Haruki], Woodham, R.J.[Robert J.],
Robust Background Subtraction for Quick Illumination Changes,
PSIVT06(1244-1253).
Springer DOI Link 0612
BibRef

Park, J., Tabb, A., Kak, A.C.,
Hierarchical Data Structure for Real-Time Background Subtraction,
ICIP06(1849-1852).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Cezar Silveira Jacques, J., Rosito Jung, C., Musse, S.R.,
A Background Subtraction Model Adapted to Illumination Changes,
ICIP06(1817-1820).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Noriega, P., Bernier, O.,
Real Time Illumination Invariant Background Subtraction Using Local Kernel Histograms,
BMVC06(III:979).
PDF Version. 0609
BibRef

Cheng, L.[Li], Gong, M., Schuurmans, D., Caelli, T.M.,
Real-Time Discriminative Background Subtraction,
IP(20), No. 5, May 2011, pp. 1401-1414.
IEEE DOI Link 1104
BibRef

Cheng, L.[Li], Wang, S.J.[Shao-Jun], Schuurmans, D., Caelli, T.M., Vishwanathan, S.V.N.,
An Online Discriminative Approach to Background Subtraction,
AVSBS06(2-2).
IEEE DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Parag, T.[Toufiq], Elgammal, A.M.[Ahmed M.], Mittal, A.[Anurag],
A Framework for Feature Selection for Background Subtraction,
CVPR06(II: 1916-1923).
IEEE DOI Link 0606
BibRef

Amnuaykanchanasin, P., Thongkamwitoon, T., Srisawaiwilai, N., Aramvith, S., Chalidabhongse, T.H.,
Adaptive parametric statistical background subtraction for video segmentation,
VSSN05(63-66).
WWW Version. 0511
BibRef

Aggarwal, A.[Ashwani], Biswas, S.[Susmit], Singh, S.[Sandeep], Sural, S.[Shamik], Majumdar, A.K.,
Object Tracking Using Background Subtraction and Motion Estimation in MPEG Videos,
ACCV06(II:121-130).
Springer DOI Link 0601
BibRef

Krüger, V.[Volker], Anderson, J.[Jakob], Prehn, T.[Thomas],
Probabilistic Model-Based Background Subtraction,
SCIA05(567-576).
Springer DOI Link 0506
BibRef
And: CIAP05(180-187).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Li, L.Y.[Li-Yuan], Luo, R.J.[Rui-Jiang], Huang, W.M.[Wei-Min], Leman, K.[Karianto], Yau, W.Y.[Wei-Yun],
Adaptive Background Subtraction with Multiple Feedbacks for Video Surveillance,
ISVC05(380-387).
Springer DOI Link 0512
BibRef

Fiala, M.[Mark], Shu, C.[Chang],
Background Subtraction using Self-Identifying Patterns,
CRV05(558-565).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
See also Automatic Projector Calibration Using Self-Identifying Patterns. BibRef

Grossmann, E., Kale, A., Jaynes, C.,
Towards Interactive Generation of 'Ground-truth' in Background Subtraction from Partially Labeled Examples,
PETS05(325-332).
IEEE DOI Link 0602
BibRef

Grossmann, E., Kale, A., Jaynes, C., Cheung, S.C.S.,
Offline Generation of High Quality Background Subtraction Data,
BMVC05(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0509
BibRef

Lim, S.N.[Ser-Nam], Mittal, A.[Anurag], Davis, L.S.[Larry S.], Paragios, N.[Nikos],
Fast Illumination-Invariant Background Subtraction Using Two Views: Error Analysis, Sensor Placement and Applications,
CVPR05(I: 1071-1078).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef

Migdal, J.[Joshua], Grimson, W.E.L.[W. Eric L.],
Background Subtraction Using Markov Thresholds,
Motion05(II: 58-65).
IEEE DOI Link 0502
BibRef

Yamazawa, K.[Kazumasa], Yokoya, N.[Naokazu],
Detecting Moving Objects with an Omnidirectional Camera Based on Adaptive Background Subtraction,
SCIA03(969-974).
WWW Version. 0310
BibRef
And:
Detecting moving objects from omnidirectional dynamic images based on adaptive background subtraction,
ICIP03(III: 953-956).
IEEE Abstract. 0312
BibRef

Hayman, E., Eklundh, J.O.,
Statistical background subtraction for a mobile observer,
ICCV03(67-74).
IEEE DOI Link 0311
BibRef

Seki, M., Wada, T., Fujiwara, H., Sumi, K.,
Background subtraction based on cooccurrence of image variations,
CVPR03(II: 65-72).
IEEE Abstract. 0307
BibRef

Seki, M.[Makito], Fujiwara, H.[Hideto], Sumi, K.[Kazuhiko],
A Robust Background Subtraction Method for Changing Background,
WACV00(207-213).
IEEE Abstract. 0010
BibRef

Javed, O., Shafique, K., Shah, M.[Mubarak],
A hierarchical approach to robust background subtraction using color and gradient information,
Motion02(22-27).
IEEE Abstract. 0303
BibRef

Wang, D.S.[Dong-Sheng], Feng, T.[Tao], Shum, H.Y.[Heung-Yeung], Ma, S.D.[Song-De],
A Novel Probability Model for Background Maintenance and Subtraction,
VI02(109).
PDF Version. 0208
BibRef

Ohta, N.[Naoya],
A Statistical Approach to Background Subtraction for Surveillance Systems,
ICCV01(II: 481-486).
IEEE DOI Link 0106
BibRef

Stauffer, C.[Chris], Grimson, W.E.L.,
Adaptive Background Mixture Models for Real-time Tracking,
CVPR99(II: 246-252).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Award, Longuet-Higgins. (Awarded after 10 years) Compute the background through major changes in the scene (lighting, etc.) for subtraction for motion detection. BibRef 9900

Chapter on Motion Analysis --Low-Level, Image Level Analysis, Mosaic Generation, Super Resolution, Shape from Motion continues in
Moving Object Extraction, Using Models or Analysis of Regions .