21.2.2.1 Face Recognition and Synthesis Using Models

Nakamura, O., Mathur, S., Minami, T.,
Identification of Human Faces Based on Isodensity Maps,
PR(24), No. 3, 1991, pp. 263-272.
WWW Version. BibRef 9100

Wurtz, R.P.,
Object Recognition Robust Under Translations, Deformations, and Changes in Background,
PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 769-775.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9708Gabor pyramid matching of points on face image and a model. See also Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture. BibRef

Wiskott, L.[Laurenz],
Phantom Faces for Face Analysis,
PR(30), No. 6, June 1997, pp. 837-846.
WWW Version. 9706 BibRef
And: ICIP97(III: 308-311).
WWW Version. BibRef
And: CAIP97(480-487).
WWW Version. 9709 Gabor Wavelets. Images of faces are represented as graphs and matched by an elastic graph matching procedure
HTML Version. And
Postscript Version. BibRef

Wiskott, L.[Laurenz],
Labeled Graphs and Dynamic Link Matching for Face Recognition and Scene Analysis,
Reihe Physik(53), Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun - Frankfurt am Main, 1995.
HTML Version. BibRef 9500

Wiskott, L.[Laurenz], Fellous, J.M.[Jean-Marc], Krüger, N.[Norbert], von der Malsburg, C.[Christoph],
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching,
PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 775-779.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9708 BibRef
And: CAIP97(456-463).
WWW Version. 9709 BibRef
And: ICIP97(I: 129-132).
WWW Version. BibRef
Earlier: TRCNL, Salk Institute, San Diego. Abstract:
HTML Version. USA/CA-site:
Postscript Version. Germany:
Postscript Version. See also Algorithm for the Learning of Weights in Discrimination Functions Using a Priori Constraints, An. One of 2 algorithms that achieved goals of minimally constrained matching in the Feret tests. BibRef

Wiskott, L.[Laurenz],
The role of topographical constraints in face recognition,
PRL(20), No. 1, January 1999, pp. 89-96. BibRef 9901

Lanitis, A.[Andreas], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.], Cootes, T.F.,
Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models,
PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 743-756.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9708 BibRef
Earlier:
A Unified Approach for Coding and Interpreting Face Images,
ICCV95(368-373).
WWW Version.
WWW Version. Tracking to get pose and expression. BibRef

Lanitis, A.[Andreas], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.], Cootes, T.F.,
Automatic Face Identification System Using Flexible Appearance Models,
IVC(13), No. 5, June 1995, pp. 393-401.
WWW Version. BibRef 9506
Earlier:
A Generic System for Classifying Variable Objects using Flexible Template Matching,
BMVC93(329-338). Parameterized model for apearance, 3D pose, facial expression and lighting, thus both the shape and gray level appearance. 100 parameters for reconstruction use these for identification. 630 face database. See also Model-Based Image Interpretation Using Genetic Algorithms. See also Automatically building appearance models from image sequences using salient features. See also Toward Automatic Simulation of Aging Effects on Face Images. BibRef

Edwards, G.J., Lanitis, A.[Andreas], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.], Cootes, T.F.,
Statistical Models of Face Images: Improving Specificity,
IVC(16), No. 3, March 16 1998, pp. 203-211.
WWW Version. 9804 BibRef
Earlier:
Modelling the variability in face images,
AFGR96(328-333).
WWW Version. 9610 BibRef
And:
Statistical Models of Face Images: Recent Advances,
BMVC96(Faces). 9608University of Manchester BibRef

Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.[Christopher J.], Cootes, T.F.,
Interpreting Face Images Using Active Appearance Models,
AFGR98(300-305).
WWW Version. See also Active Appearance Models. BibRef 9800

Edwards, G.J., Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J.[Christopher J.],
Face recognition using active appearance models,
ECCV98(II: 581).
WWW Version. BibRef 9800

Duc, B., Fischer, S., Bigün, J.,
Face Authentication with Gabor Information on Deformable Graphs,
IP(8), No. 4, April 1999, pp. 504-516.
WWW Version. BibRef 9904

Craw, I., Costen, N.P., Kato, T., Akamatsu, S.,
How Should We Represent Faces for Automatic Recognition?,
PAMI(21), No. 8, August 1999, pp. 725-736.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. PCA fits the results here. BibRef 9908

Costen, N.P., Craw, I., Robertson, G., Akamatsu, S.,
Automatic Face Recognition: What Representation?,
ECCV96(I:504-513).
WWW Version. Eigenface coding with manually coded landmarks wi more effective than correctly shaped faces. BibRef 9600

Costen, N.P., Craw, I., Kato, T., Robertson, G., Akamatsu, S.,
Manifold caricatures: on the psychological consistency of computer face recognition,
AFGR96(4-9).
WWW Version. 9610 BibRef

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Frontal Face Authentication Using Morphological Elastic Graph Matching,
IP(9), No. 4, April 2000, pp. 555-560.
WWW Version. 0004 BibRef

Kotropoulos, C., Tefas, A., Pitas, I.,
Morphological elastic graph matching applied to frontal face authentication under well-controlled and real conditions,
PR(33), No. 12, December 2000, pp. 1935-1947.
WWW Version. 0008 BibRef

Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Kotropoulos, C.[Constantine], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Face verification using elastic graph matching based on morphological signal decomposition,
SP(82), No. 6, June 2002, pp. 833-851.
HTML Version. 0206 BibRef
Earlier:
Variants of Dynamic Link Architecture Based on Mathematical Morphology for Frontal Face Authentication,
CVPR98(814-819).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef
Earlier:
Face Verification based on Morphological Shape Decomposition,
AFGR98(36-41).
WWW Version. BibRef
And:
Frontal face authentication using variants of dynamic link matching based on mathematical morphology,
ICIP98(I: 122-126).
WWW Version. 9810 See also Morphological Shape Decomposition. BibRef

Zafeiriou, S.[Stefanos], Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
The discriminant elastic graph matching algorithm applied to frontal face verification,
PR(40), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 2798-2810.
WWW Version. 0707Elastic graph matching; Discriminant analysis; Frontal face verification BibRef

Stamou, G.N., Nikolaidis, N., Pitas, I.,
Object Tracking Based on Morphological Elastic Graph Matching,
ICIP05(I: 709-712).
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef

Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Kotropoulos, C.[Constantine], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Using Support Vector Machines to Enhance the Performance of Elastic Graph Matching for Frontal Face Authentication,
PAMI(23), No. 7, July 2001, pp. 735-746.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0108 BibRef
Earlier:
Using Support Vector Machines for Face Authentication Based on Elastic Graph Matching,
ICIP00(Vol I: 29-32).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008 BibRef

Zafeiriou, S., Tefas, A., Pitas, I.,
Exploiting Discriminant Information in Elastic Graph Matching,
ICIP05(III: 768-771).
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef

Kyperountas, M.[Marios], Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Dynamic training using multistage clustering for face recognition,
PR(41), No. 3, March 2008, pp. 894-905.
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef
Earlier:
Face Verification using Locally Linear Discriminant Models,
ICIP07(IV: 469-472).
WWW Version. 0709Face recognition; Dynamic training; Multilevel clustering; Discriminant analysis BibRef

Goudelis, G.[Georgios], Zafeiriou, S.[Stefanos], Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
A Novel Kernel Discriminant Analysis for Face Verification,
ICIP07(IV: 493-496).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Ramasubramanian, D., Venkatesh, Y.V.,
Encoding and recognition of faces based on the human visual model and DCT,
PR(34), No. 12, December 2001, pp. 2447-2458.
WWW Version. 0110 BibRef

Ping, Z.[Zhang], Lihui, C.[Chen],
Document filters using morphological and geometrical features of characters,
IVC(19), No. 12, October 2001, pp. 847-855.
WWW Version. 0110 BibRef

Siu, M.[Manson], Chan, Y.H.[Yuk-Hee], Siu, W.C.[Wan-Chi],
A robust model generation technique for model-based video coding,
CirSysVideo(11), No. 11, November 2001, pp. 1188-1192.
IEEE Top Reference. 0111 BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2 only:
A Robust Model Generation Technique for Model-based Coding,
ICIP99(IV:202-206).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef

Ho, S.Y.[Shinn-Ying], Huang, H.L.[Hui-Ling],
Facial Modeling from an Uncalibrated Face Image Using a Coarse-to-Fine Genetic Algorithm,
PR(34), No. 5, May 2001, pp. 1015-1031.
WWW Version. 0102 BibRef

Ho, S.Y.[Shinn-Ying], Huang, H.L.[Hui-Ling],
Facial modeling from an uncalibrated face image using flexible generic parameterized facial models,
SMC-B(31), No. 5, October 2001, pp. 706-719.
IEEE Top Reference. 0111 BibRef

Kuo, C.J., Huang, R.S.[Ruey-Song], Lin, T.G.[Tsang-Gang],
3-D facial model estimation from single front-view facial image,
CirSysVideo(12), No. 3, March 2002, pp. 183-192.
IEEE Top Reference. 0205 BibRef

Gao, Y.S.[Yong-Sheng], Leung, M.K.H.[Maylor K.H.],
Face Recognition Using Line Edge Map,
PAMI(24), No. 6, June 2002, pp. 764-779.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0206Code the face with a line image (linked edges). Also has a line segment distance measure. BibRef

Hwang, B.W.[Bon-Woo], Lee, S.W.[Seong-Whan],
Reconstruction of partially damaged face images based on a morphable face model,
PAMI(25), No. 3, March 2003, pp. 365-372.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 0301 BibRef
Earlier:
Face Reconstruction from Partial Information Based on a Morphable Face Model,
BMCV02(501 ff.).
HTML Version. 0303 BibRef
And:
Face reconstruction with a morphable face model,
ICPR02(II: 366-369).
WWW Version. 0211Damaged in the title really means partially obscured or incomplete. Model face by linear combination of shape and texture computed from undamaged regions only. Estimate optimal coefficients. BibRef

Liu, Y.X.[Yan-Xi], Schmidt, K.L.[Karen L.], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Mitra, S.[Sinjini],
Facial asymmetry quantification for expression invariant human identification,
CVIU(91), No. 1-2, July-August 2003, pp. 138-159.
WWW Version. 0309 BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A3, Different A4: Weaver, R.L., AFGR02(198-204).
WWW Version.
HTML Version.
HTML Version. 0206 BibRef

Mitra, S.[Sinjini], Savvides, M.[Marios], Vijaya Kumar, B.V.K.,
Facial Asymmetry: A New Robust Biometric in the Frequency Domain,
ICIAR05(1065-1072).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef
And:
A One Bit Facial Asymmetry Code (FAC) in Fourier Domain for Human Recognition,
AVBPA05(61).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Mitra, S.[Sinjini], Savvides, M.[Marios],
Using Feature Combination and Statistical Resampling for Accurate Face Recognition Based on Frequency Domain Representation of Facial Asymmetry,
FGR06(31-36).
WWW Version. 0604 BibRef

Liu, Y., Weaver, R.L., Schmidt, K.L., Serban, N., Cohn, J.F.,
Facial Asymmetry: A New Biometric,
CMU-RI-TR-01-23, August, 2001.
PDF Version.
Postscript Version. 0205 BibRef

Mitra, S., Liu, Y.X.[Yan-Xi],
Local facial asymmetry for expression classification,
CVPR04(II: 889-894).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0408 BibRef

Liu, Y., Mitra, S.,
Human Identification versus Expression Classification via Bagging on Facial Asymmetry,
CMU-RI-TR-03-08, April, 2003.
HTML Version. 0306 BibRef

Vetter, T.,
Synthesis of Novel Views from a Single Face Image,
IJCV(28), No. 2, June/July 1998, pp. 103-116.
WWW Version. Face Analysis. 9808 BibRef
Earlier:
Learning novel views to a single face image,
AFGR96(22-27).
WWW Version. 9610 BibRef

Vetter, T., Troje, N.F.,
Separation of Texture and Shape in Images of Faces for Image-Coding and Synthesis,
JOSA-A(14), No. 9, September 1997, pp. 2152-2161. 9709 BibRef

Vetter, T., Poggio, T.,
Linear Object Classes and Image Synthesis from a Single Example Image,
PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 733-742.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. 9708 BibRef
Earlier: MIT AI Memo-1531, 1995.
WWW Version. BibRef
And:
Image Synthesis from a Single Example Image,
ECCV96(I:652-659).
WWW Version. BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1:
Recognition and Structure from one 2D Model View: Observations on Prototypes, Object Classes and Symmetries,
MIT AI Memo-1347, 1992.
WWW Version. Generation of realistic images from different viewpoints given only one input image. BibRef

Blanz, V.[Volker], Vetter, T.[Thomas],
Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model,
PAMI(25), No. 9, September 2003, pp. 1063-1074.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0309 BibRef
Earlier:
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3-D Faces,
SIGGraph-99(187-194). BibRef
Earlier: A2, A1:
Estimating Coloured 3-D Face Models from Single Images: An Example-Based Approach,
ECCV98(II: 499).
WWW Version. Simulate image formation process, estimage 3D shape and texture. Fit a morphable model of 3D faces to the image. BibRef

Blanz, V.[Volker], Scherbaum, K.[Kristina], Seidel, H.P.[Hans-Peter],
Fitting a Morphable Model to 3D Scans of Faces,
ICCV07(1-8).
WWW Version. 0710 BibRef

Blanz, V.[Volker],
Face Recognition based on a 3D Morphable Model,
FGR06(617-624).
WWW Version. 0604 BibRef

Basso, C., Paysan, P., Vetter, T.,
Registration of Expressions Data using a 3D Morphable Model,
FGR06(205-210).
WWW Version. 0604 BibRef

Basso, C., Vetter, T., Blanz, V.,
Regularized 3D morphable models,
HLK03(3-10).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402 BibRef

Romdhani, S., Ho, J., Vetter, T., Kriegman, D.J.,
Face Recognition Using 3-D Models: Pose and Illumination,
PIEEE(94), No. 11, November 2006, pp. 1977-1999.
WWW Version. 0611 BibRef

Blanz, V., Romdhani, S., Vetter, T.,
Face identification across different poses and illuminations with a 3D morphable model,
AFGR02(192-197).
WWW Version. 0206 BibRef

Weyrauch, B., Heisele, B.[Bernd], Huang, J.[Jennifer], Blanz, V.[Volker],
Component-Based Face Recognition with 3D Morphable Models,
FaceVideo04(85).
HTML Version. 0502 BibRef
Earlier: A3, A2, A4 only: AVBPA03(27-34).
HTML Version. 0310 BibRef

Blanz, V.[Volker], Grother, P.J.[Patrick J.], Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon], Vetter, T.[Thomas],
Face Recognition Based on Frontal Views Generated from Non-Frontal Images,
CVPR05(II: 454-461).
WWW Version. 0507 BibRef

Huang, J.[Jian], Yuen, P.C.[Pong C.], Chen, W.S.[Wen-Sheng], Lai, J.H.,
Component-based LDA method for face recognition with one training sample,
AMFG03(120-126).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef

Zhang, C.S.[Chang-Shui], Wang, J.[Jun], Zhao, N.[Nanyuan], Zhang, D.[David],
Reconstruction and analysis of multi-pose face images based on nonlinear dimensionality reduction,
PR(37), No. 2, February 2004, pp. 325-336.
WWW Version. 0311 BibRef

Hsu, R.L.[Rein-Lien], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.],
Generating discriminating cartoon faces using interacting snakes,
PAMI(25), No. 11, November 2003, pp. 1388-1398.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef
Earlier:
Face Modeling for Recognition,
ICIP01(II: 693-696).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108Generat cartool like descriptions using constrained active contour models for the parts. Interaction among multiple snakes in the face model. BibRef

Yu, W.W.[Wei-Wei], Teng, X.L.[Xiao-Long], Liu, C.Q.[Chong-Qing],
Face recognition using discriminant locality preserving projections,
IVC(24), No. 3, 1 March 2006, pp. 239-248.
WWW Version. Face recognition; Difference model; Locality preserving projections; Discriminant locality preserving projections 0604 BibRef
Earlier:
Discriminant Locality Preserving Projections: A New Method to Face Representation and Recognition,
PETS05(201-207).
WWW Version. 0602 BibRef

Zhang, L.Y.[Li-Yan], Razdan, A.[Anshuman], Farin, G.E.[Gerald E.], Femiani, J.[John], Bae, M.S.[Myung-Soo], Lockwood, C.[Charles],
3D face authentication and recognition based on bilateral symmetry analysis,
VC(22), No. 1, January 2006, pp. 43-55.
WWW Version. 0601 BibRef

Bae, M., Razdan, A., Farin, G.E.,
Automated 3D Face authentication and recognition,
AVSBS07(45-50).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Li, C.C.[Cong-Cong], Su, G.D.[Guang-Da], Shang, Y.[Yan], Li, Y.C.[Ying-Chun], Xiang, Y.[Yan],
Face Recognition Based on Pose-Variant Image Synthesis and Multi-level Multi-feature Fusion,
AMFG07(261-275).
WWW Version. 0710 BibRef

Tena, J.R., Smith, R.S., Hamouz, M., Kittler, J.V., Hilton, A., Illingworth, J.,
2D face pose normalisation using a 3D morphable model,
AVSBS07(51-56).
WWW Version. 0709 BibRef

Guillemaut, J.Y.[Jean-Yves], Kittler, J.V.[Josef V.], Sadeghi, M.T.[Mohammad T.], Christmas, W.J.[William J.],
General Pose Face Recognition Using Frontal Face Model,
CIARP06(79-88).
WWW Version. 0611 BibRef

Peng, K.[Kun], Chen, L.M.[Li-Ming], Ruan, S.[Su],
A novel scheme of face verification using active appearance models,
AVSBS05(247-252).
WWW Version. 0602 BibRef

Kompanets, L.[Leonid],
Biometrics of Asymmetrical Face,
ICBA04(67-73).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Kruppa, H., Schiele, B.,
Using Local Context To Improve Face Detection,
BMVC03(xx-yy).
HTML Version. 0409 BibRef

Alba, J.L., Pujol, A., Lopez, A., Villanueva, J.J.,
Improving shape-based face recognition by means of a supervised discriminant Hausdorff distance,
ICIP03(III: 901-904).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0312 BibRef

Alba, J.L., Pujol, A., Villanueva, J.J.,
Separating Geometry from Texture to Improve Face Analysis,
ICIP01(II: 673-676).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108 BibRef

Podilchuk, C.[Christine], Patel, A.[Ankur], Harthattu, A., Anand, S., Mammone, R.J.,
A New Face Recognition Algorithm using Bijective Mappings,
FRGC05(III: 165-165).
WWW Version. 0507 BibRef

Mottl, V., Kostin, A., Kittler, J.V., Seredin, O., Yermakov, A.,
Support object classifiers with rigid and elastic kernel functions for face identification,
ICPR02(IV: 205-208).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Mottl, V., Kopylov, A., Kittler, J.V., Kostin, A., Yermakov, A.,
Elastic transformation of the image pixel grid for similarity based face identification,
ICPR02(III: 549-552).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Fang, Y.C.[Yu-Chun], Tan, T.N.[Tie-Niu], Wang, Y.H.[Yun-Hong],
Fusion of global and local features for face verification,
ICPR02(II: 382-385).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef

Muresan, D.D., Parks, T.W.,
Optimal face reconstruction using training,
ICIP02(III: 373-376).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210 BibRef

Fröba, B., Kastner, T., Zink, W., Küblbeck, C.,
Real-time Active Shape Models for Face Segmentation,
ICIP01(I: 205-208).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0108 BibRef

Russell, K.B.[Kenneth B.],
Eigenheads for Reconstruction,
Vismod--422, 1997
Postscript Version. BibRef 9700

Moghaddam, B., Wahid, W., Pentland, A.P.,
Beyond Eigenfaces: Probabilistic Matching for Face Recognition,
AFGR98(30-35).
WWW Version. BibRef 9800
And: Vismod--443, 1998.
Postscript Version. See also Probabilistic Visual Learning For Object Representation. BibRef

Covell, M.[Michele], Bregler, C.,
Eigen-Points,
ICIP96(III: 471-474).
WWW Version. 9610 BibRef

Lew, M.S.[Michael S.], She, A.C.[Alfred C.], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Intermediate views for face recognition,
CAIP95(138-145).
WWW Version. 9509 BibRef

Chapter on Face Recognition, Detection, Tracking, Gesture Recognition, Fingerprints, Biometrics continues in
Face Recognition Using Three-Dimensional Models, 3-D Models .