21.3.6.1.2 Face Action Units for Expressions and Motion Analysis

Huang, C.L., Huang, Y.M.,
Facial Expression Recognition Using Model-Based Feature Extraction and Action Parameter(s) Classification,
JVCIR(8), 1997, pp. 278-290. BibRef 9700

Essa, I.A.[Irfan A.], and Pentland, A.P.[Alex P.],
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions,
PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 757-763.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 9708
BibRef
Earlier:
Facial Expression Recognition Using Image Motion,
MBR97(Chapter 12). MIT. BibRef
Earlier:
Facial Expression Recognition Using a Dynamic Model and Motion Energy,
ICCV95(360-367).
IEEE DOI Link
IEEE DOI Link BibRef
And: Vismod-307, 1995.
HTML Version. and
Postscript Version. Spatio-temporal technique for expression recognition. Rather than use the heuristic (psychological system) FACS, use a probabilistic scheme to characterize motion and muscle activation. BibRef

Essa, I.A., Pentland, A.P.,
A Vision System for Observing and Extracting Facial Action Parameters,
CVPR94(76-83).
IEEE Abstract. BibRef 9400
And: Vismod-247, 1993.
HTML Version. and
Postscript Version. BibRef

Essa, I.A.[Irfan A.], Darrell, T.J.[Trevor J.], Pentland, A.P.[Alex P.],
Tracking Facial Motion,
Vismod-272, 1994.
HTML Version. and
Postscript Version. BibRef 9400

Essa, I.A.[Irfan A.],
Analysis, Interpretation and Synthesis of Facial Expressions,
Vismod-303, 1994.
HTML Version. and
Postscript Version. BibRef 9400

Zhang, L.[Liang],
Automatic Adaptation of a Face Model Using Action Units for Semantic Coding of Videophone Sequences,
CirSysVideo(8), No. 6, October 1998, pp. 781.
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9810
Earlier:
Estimation of the Mouth Features Using Deformable Templates,
ICIP97(III: 328-331).
IEEE DOI Link 9710
Lipreading. BibRef

Donato, G.[Gianluca], Bartlett, M.S.[Marian Stewart], Hager, J.C.[Joseph C.], Ekman, P.[Paul], Sejnowski, T.J.[Terrence J.],
Classifying Facial Actions,
PAMI(21), No. 10, October 1999, pp. 974-989.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Uses the FACS ( See also Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement, The. ) coding system. 96% for 12 facial actions. BibRef 9910

Bartlett, M.S., Hager, J.C., Ekman, P., Sejnowski, T.J.,
Measuring Facial Expressions by Computer Image Analysis,
Psychophysiology(36), 1999, pp. 253-264. BibRef 9900

Fleet, D.J.[David J.], Black, M.J.[Michael J.], Yacoob, Y.[Yaser], Jepson, A.D.[Allan D.],
Design and Use of Linear Models for Image Motion Analysis,
IJCV(36), No. 3, February-March 2000, pp. 171-193.
WWW Version. 0003

PDF Version. See also Probabilistic Detection and Tracking of Motion Boundaries. See also Recognizing Facial Expressions in Image Sequences Using Local Parameterized Models of Image Motion. See also Estimating Optical-Flow in Segmented Images Using Variable-Order Parametric Models with Local Deformations. BibRef

Black, M.J.[Michael J.],
Explaining Optical Flow Events with Parameterized Spatio-temporal Models,
CVPR99(I: 326-332).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Generative Spatio-Temporal model. Basis for flow fields. Used for facial expressions. BibRef 9900

Black, M.J., Yacoob, Y., Jepson, A.D., Fleet, D.J.,
Learning Parameterized Models of Image Motion,
CVPR97(561-567).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 9704
Several applications. BibRef

Tian, Y.L.[Ying-Li], Kanade, T.[Takeo], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.],
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis,
PAMI(23), No. 2, February 2001, pp. 97-115.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0102
BibRef
And: CMU-RI-TR-99-40, December, 1999.
HTML Version. BibRef
And:
Recognizing Upper Face Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis,
CVPR00(I: 294-301).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0005
Analyze expressions using permanent facial features and transient features. Describe expressions in terms of action units rather than prototypical expressions. Compares results with: See also Measuring Facial Expressions by Computer Image Analysis. See also Classifying Facial Actions. See also Automated Face Analysis by Feature Point Tracking Has High Concurrent Validity with Manual FACS Coding. and See also Detection, Tracking, and Classification of Action Units in Facial Expression. BibRef

Tian, Y.L., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.,
Recognizing Facial Actions by Combining Geometric Features and Regional Appearance Patterns,
CMU-RI-TR-01-01, January 2001.
PDF Version. 0102
BibRef

Tian, Y.L.[Ying-Li], Kanade, T.[Takeo], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.],
Evaluation of gabor-wavelet-based facial action unit recognition in image sequences of increasing complexity,
AFGR02(218-223).
IEEE DOI Link 0206
BibRef
Earlier:
Recognizing Lower Face Action Units in Facial Expression,
AFGR00(484-490).
IEEE DOI Link 0003
BibRef
And:
Multi-State Based Facial Feature Tracking and Detection,
CMU-RI-TR-99-18, August, 1999.
HTML Version. BibRef

Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Kanade, T.[Takeo],
Use of automated facial image analysis for measurement of emotion expression,
EmotionElicitation06(xx-yy).
HTML Version. BibRef 0600

Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Ambadar, Z., and Ekman, P.,
Observer-based measurement of facial expression with the Facial Action Coding System,
EmotionElicitation06(xx-yy).
HTML Version. BibRef 0600

Wang, T.H.[Te-Hsun], Lien, J.J.J.[Jenn-Jier James],
Facial expression recognition system based on rigid and non-rigid motion separation and 3D pose estimation,
PR(42), No. 5, May 2009, pp. 962-977.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0902
Facial expression recognition; FACS action units; Rigid and non-rigid motion separation; 3D pose estimation; Perspective projection See also view-based statistical system for multi-view face detection and pose estimation, A. BibRef

Lai, T.H.[Tzung-Heng], Wang, T.H.[Te-Hsun], Lien, J.J.J.[Jenn-Jier James],
Incremental Perspective Motion Model for Rigid and Non-rigid Motion Separation,
PSIVT07(613-624).
Springer DOI Link 0712
Motion extraction in facial expression analysis. BibRef

Lien, J.J.J., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F., Li, C.C.,
Automated Facial Expression Recognition Based on FACS Action Units,
AFGR98(390-395).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9800

Lien, J.J.J.,
Automatic Recognition of Facial Expressions Using Hidden Markov Models and Estimation of Expression Intensity,
CMU-RI-TR-98-31, April, 1998.
HTML Version. BibRef 9804

Lien, J.J.J.[James J.J.], Kanade, T.[Takeo], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Li, C.C.[Ching-Chung], Zlochower, A.J.[Adena J.],
Subtly Different Facial Expression Recognition and Expression Intensity Estimation,
CVPR98(853-859).
IEEE Abstract.
PDF Version. BibRef 9800

Cohn, J.F., Zlochower, A.J., Lien, J.J.J., Kanade, T.,
Automated Face Analysis by Feature Point Tracking Has High Concurrent Validity with Manual FACS Coding,
Psychophysiology(36), 1999, pp. 35-43.
PDF Version. BibRef 9900
Earlier:
Feature-Point Tracking by Optical Flow Discriminates Subtle Differences in Facial Expression,
AFGR98(396-401).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef

CMU Facial Expression Database ,
1999 Dataset, Faces. Dataset, Facial Expression.
HTML Version. Includes annotation.

Lien, J.J.J.[James J.J.], Kanade, T.[Takeo], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Li, C.C.[Ching-Chung],
Detection, Tracking, and Classification of Action Units in Facial Expression,
RAS(31), 2000, pp. 131-146. BibRef 0001

Tao, H.[Hai], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
Visual Estimation and Compression of Facial Motion Parameters: Elements of a 3D Model-Based Video Coding System,
IJCV(50), No. 2, November 2002, pp. 111-125.
WWW Version. 0210
BibRef
Earlier:
Explanation-based Facial Motion Tracking Using a Piecewise Bezier Volume Deformation Model,
CVPR99(I: 611-617).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Tao, H.[Hai], Huang, T.S.[Thomas S.],
A Piecewise Bézier Volume Deformation Model and Its Applications in Facial Motion Capture,
AIPU02(39-56). 0905
BibRef

Tao, H.[Hai], Lopez, R., Huang, T.S.,
Tracking Facial Features Using Probabilistic Network,
AFGR98(166-170).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9800

Pardàs, M.[Montse], Bonafonte, A.[Antonio],
Facial animation parameters extraction and expression recognition using Hidden Markov Models,
SP:IC(17), No. 9, October 2002, pp. 675-688.
WWW Version. 0211
BibRef

Chuang, C.F.[Chao-Fa], Shih, F.Y.[Frank Y.],
Recognizing facial action units using independent component analysis and support vector machine,
PR(39), No. 9, September 2006, pp. 1795-1798.
WWW Version. 0606
Action unit; Independent component analysis; Support vector machine BibRef

Littlewort, G.[Gwen], Bartlett, M.S.[Marian Stewart], Fasel, I.R.[Ian R.], Susskind, J.[Joshua], Movellan, J.R.[Javier R.],
Dynamics of Facial Expression Extracted Automatically from Video,
IVC(24), No. 6, 1 June 2006, pp. 615-625.
WWW Version. 0606
BibRef
Earlier: FaceVideo04(80).
HTML Version. 0502
Facial action coding; Support vector machines; Adaboost See also Towards an Optimal Affect-Sensitive Instructional System of cognitive skills. BibRef

Bartlett, M.S.[Marian Stewart], Littlewort, G.[Gwen], Frank, M.[Mark], Lainscsek, C.[Claudia], Fasel, I.R.[Ian R.], Movellan, J.R.[Javier R.],
Fully Automatic Facial Action Recognition in Spontaneous Behavior,
FGR06(223-230).
IEEE DOI Link 0604
BibRef
Earlier:
Recognizing Facial Expression: Machine Learning and Application to Spontaneous Behavior,
CVPR05(II: 568-573).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef

Braathen, B., Bartlett, M.S., Littlewort, G., Smith, E., Movellan, J.R.,
An approach to automatic recognition of spontaneous facial actions,
AFGR02(345-350).
IEEE DOI Link 0206
BibRef

Whitehill, J.[Jacob], Littlewort, G.[Gwen], Fasel, I.R.[Ian R.], Bartlett, M.[Marian], Movellan, J.R.[Javier R.],
Toward Practical Smile Detection,
PAMI(31), No. 11, November 2009, pp. 2106-2111.
IEEE DOI Link 0910
Explore whether learning can be applied to a practical scenario. Includes a dataset of thousands of different people. BibRef

Wu, T.F.[Ting-Fan], Butko, N.J.[Nicholas J.], Ruvolo, P.[Paul], Whitehill, J.[Jacob], Bartlett, M.S.[Marian S.], Movellan, J.R.[Javier R.],
Action unit recognition transfer across datasets,
FG11(889-896).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Liao, W.H.[Wen-Hui], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Facial Action Unit Recognition by Exploiting Their Dynamic and Semantic Relationships,
PAMI(29), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 1683-1699.
IEEE DOI Link 0710
Integrate relations, dynamics, and appearance. See also Robust facial feature tracking under varying face pose and facial expression. BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Liao, W.H.[Wen-Hui], Xue, Z.[Zheng], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A Unified Probabilistic Framework for Facial Activity Modeling and xoUnderstanding,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Chen, J.X.[Ji-Xu], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A Unified Probabilistic Framework for Spontaneous Facial Action Modeling and Understanding,
PAMI(32), No. 2, February 2010, pp. 258-273.
IEEE DOI Link 1001
See also Efficient 3D Upper Body Tracking with Self-Occlusions. BibRef

Chen, J.X.[Ji-Xu], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
A hierarchical framework for simultaneous facial activity tracking,
FG11(679-686).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Wang, Y.[Yang], Zhu, Z.W.[Zhi-Wei], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Robust facial feature tracking under varying face pose and facial expression,
PR(40), No. 11, November 2007, pp. 3195-3208.
WWW Version. 0707
BibRef
Earlier:
Facial Feature Tracking using a Multi-State Hierarchical Shape Model under Varying Face Pose and Facial Expression,
ICPR06(I: 283-286).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
Facial feature detection and tracking; Active shape model; Face pose estimation See also Facial Action Unit Recognition by Exploiting Their Dynamic and Semantic Relationships. BibRef

Zhu, Z.W.[Zhi-Wei], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Robust Pose Invariant Facial Feature Detection and Tracking in Real-Time,
ICPR06(I: 1092-1095).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef
And:
Robust Real-Time Face Pose and Facial Expression Recovery,
CVPR06(I: 681-688).
IEEE DOI Link 0606
See also Real Time 3D Face Pose Tracking From an Uncalibrated Camera. BibRef

Gu, H.S.[Hai-Song], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang], Zhu, Z.W.[Zhi-Wei],
Active facial tracking for fatigue detection,
WACV02(137-142).
IEEE Abstract. 0303
BibRef

Gu, H.S.[Hai-Song], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Facial event classification with task oriented dynamic Bayesian network,
CVPR04(II: 870-875).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
BibRef
And:
An automated face reader for fatigue detection,
AFGR04(111-116).
IEEE Abstract. 0411
BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Multiview Facial Feature Tracking with a Multi-modal Probabilistic Model,
ICPR06(I: 307-310).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Buciu, I.[Ioan], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
NMF, LNMF, and DNMF modeling of neural receptive fields involved in human facial expression perception,
JVCIR(17), No. 5, October 2006, pp. 958-969.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef
Earlier: Erratum: JVCIR(18), No. 1, February 2007, pp. 100.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef
Earlier:
Application of non-negative and local non negative matrix factorization to facial expression recognition,
ICPR04(I: 288-291).
IEEE DOI Link 0409
Image representation; Receptive fields; Facial expressions BibRef

Nikitidis, S.[Symeon], Tefas, A.[Anastasios], Nikolaidis, N.[Nikos], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Facial expression recognition using clustering discriminant Non-negative Matrix Factorization,
ICIP11(3001-3004).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Kotsia, I.[Irene], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Facial Expression Recognition in Image Sequences Using Geometric Deformation Features and Support Vector Machines,
IP(16), No. 1, January 2007, pp. 172-187.
IEEE DOI Link 0701
BibRef
Earlier:
Real Time Facial Expression Recognition from Image Sequences Using Support Vector Machines,
ICIP05(II: 966-969).
IEEE DOI Link 0512
BibRef

Kotsia, I.[Irene], Zafeiriou, S.P.[Stefanos P.], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Texture and shape information fusion for facial expression and facial action unit recognition,
PR(41), No. 3, March 2008, pp. 833-851.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef
Earlier:
Fusion of Geometrical and Texture Information for Facial Expression Recognition,
ICIP06(2649-2652).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
Facial expression recognition; Facial Action Unit recognition; Discriminant Non-Negative Matrix Factorization; Multidimensional embedding; Support Vector Machines; Radial Basis Functions; Fusion BibRef

Kotsia, I.[Irene], Buciu, I.[Ioan], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
An analysis of facial expression recognition under partial facial image occlusion,
IVC(26), No. 7, 2 July 2008, pp. 1052-1067.
WWW Version. 0804
Facial expression recognition; Gabor filters; Discriminant Non-negative Matrix Factorization; Support Vector Machines; Partial occlusion BibRef

Buciu, I.[Ioan], Kotropoulos, C.[Constantine], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Comparison of ICA approaches for facial expression recognition,
SIViP(3), No. 4, December 2009, pp. xx-yy.
Springer DOI Link 0911
BibRef
Earlier:
ICA and gabor representation for facial expression recognition,
ICIP03(II: 855-858).
IEEE Abstract. 0312
BibRef
Earlier:
On the stability of support vector machines for face detection,
ICIP02(III: 121-124).
IEEE Abstract. 0210
BibRef
Earlier:
Combining Support Vector Machines for Accurate Face Detection,
ICIP01(I: 1054-1057).
IEEE Abstract. 0108
BibRef

Kotsia, I.[Irene], Patras, I.[Ioannis],
Support tucker machines,
CVPR11(633-640).
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef
Earlier:
Multiplicative Update Rules for Multilinear Support Tensor Machines,
ICPR10(33-36).
IEEE DOI Link 1008
See also Relative Margin Support Tensor Machines for gait and action recognition. BibRef

Kotsia, I.[Irene], Zafeiriou, S.P.[Stefanos P.], Nikolaidis, N.[Nikolaos], Pitas, I.[Ioannis],
Texture and Shape Information Fusion for Facial Action Unit Recognition,
ACHI08(77-82).
IEEE DOI Link 0802
BibRef

Zafeiriou, S.P.[Stefanos P.], Petrou, M.[Maria],
Sparse representations for facial expressions recognition via L1 optimization,
CVCGI10(32-39).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Yang, P.[Peng], Liu, Q.S.[Qing-Shan], Metaxas, D.N.[Dimitris N.],
Boosting encoded dynamic features for facial expression recognition,
PRL(30), No. 2, 15 January 2009, pp. 132-139,.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0804
BibRef
Earlier:
Similarity Features for Facial Event Analysis,
ECCV08(I: 685-696).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef
Earlier:
Boosting Coded Dynamic Features for Facial Action Units and Facial Expression Recognition,
CVPR07(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
Pattern recognition; Facial expression; Video understanding; Boosting BibRef

Yang, P.[Peng], Liu, Q.S.[Qing-Shan], Metaxas, D.N.[Dimitris N.],
Dynamic soft encoded patterns for facial event analysis,
CVIU(115), No. 3, March 2011, pp. 456-465.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1103
BibRef
Earlier:
RankBoost with L1 regularization for facial expression recognition and intensity estimation,
ICCV09(1018-1025).
IEEE DOI Link 0909
Facial expression; Dynamic feature; Time resolution BibRef

Yang, P.[Peng], Liu, Q.S.[Qing-Shan], Metaxas, D.N.[Dimitris N.],
Exploring facial expressions with compositional features,
CVPR10(2638-2644).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Yang, P.[Peng], Liu, Q.S.[Qing-Shan], Cui, X.Y.[Xin-Yi], Metaxas, D.N.[Dimitris N.],
Facial expression recognition using encoded dynamic features,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0806
BibRef

Littlewort, G.C.[Gwen C.], Bartlett, M.S.[Marian Stewart], Lee, K.[Kang],
Automatic coding of facialexpressions displayed during posed and genuine pain,
IVC(27), No. 12, November 2009, pp. 1797-1803,.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0910
Machine learning; Computer vision; Malingering; Facial expression; Spontaneous behavior; Automated FACS BibRef

Ashraf, A.B.[Ahmed Bilal], Lucey, S.[Simon], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Chen, T.H.[Tsu-Han], Ambadar, Z.[Zara], Prkachin, K.M.[Kenneth M.], Solomon, P.E.[Patricia E.],
The painful face: Pain expression recognition using active appearance models,
IVC(27), No. 12, November 2009, pp. 1788-1796,.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0910
Active appearance models; Support vector machines; Pain; Facial expression; Automatic facial image analysis; FACS BibRef

Lucey, P.[Patrick], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Prkachin, K.M.[Kenneth M.], Solomon, P.E.[Patricia E.], Matthews, I.[Iain],
Painful data: The UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain expression archive database,
FG11(57-64).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
Dataset, Facial Expression. BibRef

Koelstra, S.[Sander], Pantic, M.[Maja], Patras, I.[Ioannis],
A Dynamic Texture-Based Approach to Recognition of Facial Actions and Their Temporal Models,
PAMI(32), No. 11, November 2010, pp. 1940-1954.
IEEE DOI Link 1011
FAUs from texture. motion history images and nonrigid registration using free-form deformations. BibRef

Koelstra, S.[Sander], Pantic, M.[Maja],
Non-rigid registration using free-form deformations for recognition of facial actions and their temporal dynamics,
FG08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0809
BibRef

Valstar, M.F.[Michel F.], Pantic, M.[Maja],
Fully Automatic Recognition of the Temporal Phases of Facial Actions,
SMC-B(42), No. 1, February 2012, pp. 28-43.
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef
Earlier:
Combined Support Vector Machines and Hidden Markov Models for Modeling Facial Action Temporal Dynamics,
CVHCI07(118-127).
Springer DOI Link 0710
BibRef
Earlier:
Fully Automatic Facial Action Unit Detection and Temporal Analysis,
V4HCI06(149).
IEEE DOI Link 0609
BibRef

Valstar, M.F.[Michel F.], Martinez, B.[Brais], Binefa, X.[Xavier], Pantic, M.[Maja],
Facial point detection using boosted regression and graph models,
CVPR10(2729-2736).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Valstar, M.F., Patras, I.[Ioannis], Pantic, M.[Maja],
Facial Action Unit Detection using Probabilistic Actively Learned Support Vector Machines on Tracked Facial Point Data,
VHCI05(III: 76-76).
IEEE DOI Link 0507
BibRef

Lucey, P.[Patrick], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Matthews, I., Lucey, S.[Simon], Sridharan, S.[Sridha], Howlett, J., Prkachin, K.M.[Kenneth M.],
Automatically Detecting Pain in Video Through Facial Action Units,
SMC-B(41), No. 3, June 2011, pp. 664-674.
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Lucey, P.[Patrick], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.], Lucey, S.[Simon], Sridharan, S.[Sridha], Prkachin, K.M.[Kenneth M.],
Automatically detecting action units from faces of pain: Comparing shape and appearance features,
CVPR4HB09(12-18).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Mahoor, M.H.[Mohammad H.], Cadavid, S.[Steven], Messinger, D.S.[Daniel S.], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.],
A framework for automated measurement of the intensity of non-posed Facial Action Units,
CVPR4HB09(74-80).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Savran, A.[Arman], Sankur, B.[Bülent], Bilge, M.T.[M. Taha],
Comparative evaluation of 3D vs. 2D modality for automatic detection of facial action units,
PR(45), No. 2, February 2012, pp. 767-782.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1110
BibRef
Earlier:
Facial action unit detection: 3D versus 2D modality,
CVPR4HB10(71-78).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
3D expression recognition; 3D facial expression database; Action unit detection; Facial action coding system; Modality fusion; Gabor wavelets BibRef

Savran, A.[Arman], Sankur, B.[Bulent],
Automatic detection of facial actions from 3D data,
HCI09(1993-2000).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Cosker, D.[Darren], Krumhuber, E.[Eva], Hilton, A.[Adrian],
A FACS valid 3D dynamic action unit database with applications to 3D dynamic morphable facial modeling,
ICCV11(2296-2303).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef

Gehrig, T.[Tobias], Ekenel, H.K.[Hazim Kemal],
Facial action unit detection using kernel partial least squares,
BenchFace11(2092-2099).
IEEE DOI Link 1201
BibRef
And:
A common framework for real-time emotion recognition and facial action unit detection,
CVPR4HB11(1-6).
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Jiang, B.[Bihan], Valstar, M.F.[Michel F.], Pantic, M.[Maja],
Action unit detection using sparse appearance descriptors in space-time video volumes,
FG11(314-321).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
BibRef

Mahoor, M.H.[Mohammad H.], Zhou, M.[Mu], Veon, K.L.[Kevin L.], Mavadati, S.M.[S. Mohammad], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.],
Facial action unit recognition with sparse representation,
FG11(336-342).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
BibRef

Senechal, T.[Thibaud], Rapp, V.[Vincent], Salam, H.[Hanan], Seguier, R.[Renaud], Bailly, K.[Kevin], Prevost, L.[Lionel],
Combining AAM coefficients with LGBP histograms in the multi-kernel SVM framework to detect facial action units,
FG11(860-865).
IEEE DOI Link 1103
See also Multiple kernel learning SVM and statistical validation for facial landmark detection. BibRef

Simon, T.[Tomas], Nguyen, M.H.[Minh Hoai], de la Torre, F.[Fernando], Cohn, J.F.[Jeffrey F.],
Action unit detection with segment-based SVMs,
CVPR10(2737-2744).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

McDuff, D.[Daniel], El Kaliouby, R.[Rana], Kassam, K.[Karim], Picard, R.[Rosalind],
Affect valence inference from facial action unit spectrograms,
AMFG10(17-24).
IEEE DOI Link 1006
BibRef

Zor, C.[Cemre], Windeatt, T.[Terry],
Upper Facial Action Unit Recognition,
ICB09(239-248).
Springer DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Windeatt, T.[Terry], Dias, K.[Kaushala],
Ensemble Approaches to Facial Action Unit Classification,
CIARP08(551-559).
Springer DOI Link 0809
BibRef

Reale, M.[Michael], Liu, P.[Peng], Yin, L.J.[Li-Jun],
Using eye gaze, head pose, and facial expression for personalized non-player character interaction,
CVCG11(13-18).
IEEE DOI Link 1106
BibRef

Sun, Y.[Yi], Reale, M.[Michael], Yin, L.J.[Li-Jun],
Recognizing partial facial action units based on 3D dynamic range data for facial expression recognition,
FG08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0809
BibRef

Tong, Y.[Yan], Chen, J.X.[Ji-Xu], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Modeling and exploiting the spatio-temporal facial action dependencies for robust spontaneous facial expression recognition,
CVPR4HB09(34-41).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Zhang, L.[Lei], Tong, Y.[Yan], Ji, Q.A.[Qi-Ang],
Active Image Labeling and Its Application to Facial Action Labeling,
ECCV08(II: 706-719).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef
And:
Interactive labeling of facial action units,
ICPR08(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0812
BibRef

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Chapter on Face Recognition, Detection, Tracking, Gesture Recognition, Fingerprints, Biometrics continues in
Face Expression Recognition from a Single Image .