8.3.3 Segmentation by Thresholding, Quantization, or Relaxation

Conners, R.W., and Harlow, C.A.,
Equal Probability Quantizing and Texture Analysis of Radiographic Images,
CGIP(8), 1978, pp. 447-463. Segmentation, Texture. BibRef 7800

Smith, R.C., Rosenfeld, A.,
Thresholding Using Relaxation,
PAMI(3), No. 5, September 1981, pp. 598-605. See also Shape Segmentation Using Relaxation. BibRef 8109

Richards, J.A., Landgrebe, D.A., and Swain, P.H.,
Supervised Pixel Relaxation Labeling as a Means for Utilizing Ancillary Information in the Classification of Remote Sensing Image Data,
RSE(12), 1982, pp. 463-477. BibRef 8200

Richards, J.A., Landgrebe, D.A., and Swain, P.H.,
Pixel Labeling by Supervised Probabilistic Relaxation,
PAMI(3), No. 2, March 1981, pp. 188-191. BibRef 8103

Richards, J.A., Landgrebe, D.A., and Swain, P.H.,
Overcoming Accuracy Deterioration in Pixel Relaxation Labeling,
ICPR80(61-65). BibRef 8000

Pal, S.K., King, R.A., and Hashim, A.A.,
Automatic Grey Level Thresholding Through Index of Fuzziness and Entropy,
PRL(1), 1983, pp. 141-146. BibRef 8300

Reddi, S.S., Rudin, S.F., and Keshavan, H.R.,
An Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation,
SMC(14), No. 4, July/August 1984, pp. 661-665. Segmentation, Quantization. Iterative technique to choose the optimal threshold values so that the mapping of the image values to the averages of the thresholds results in the minimum error. It is a simple technique that seems to get all there is in one histogram, there are references to other origins for the basic idea. BibRef 8407

Cohen, M.[Martin],
Explicit Derivation and Analysis of an Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme,
NTRC Report#85-12R, Northrop Research and Technology Center, 1985. This explicitly derives a technique for the See also Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation, An. technique for multiple thresholds. BibRef 8500

Sullivan, J.R.[James R.],
Image processing method including image segmentation,
US_Patent4,764,971, Aug 16, 1988
WWW Version. constant contrast or variance BibRef 8808

Khotanzad, A., and Bouarfa, A.,
Image Segmentation by a Parallel, Non-Parametric Histogram Based Clustering Algorithm,
PR(23), No. 9, 1990, pp. 961-973.
WWW Version. Segmentation, Histogram. Clustering. Use mode analysis of the multi-dimensional histogram, find the clusters. BibRef 9000

Rodriguez, A.A.[Arturo A.], Mitchell, O.R.[O. Robert],
Image Segmentation by Succesive Background Extraction,
PR(24), No. 5, 1991, pp. 409-420.
WWW Version. BibRef 9100

Mitchell, O.R., and Lutton, S.M.,
Segmentation and Classification of Targets in FLIR Imagery,
DARPAN78(59-65). BibRef 7800

Lutton, S.M., and Mitchell, O.R.,
Adaptive Segmentation of Unique Objects,
ICPR80(548-550). BibRef 8000

Ackah-Miezan, A., and Gagalowicz, A.,
Discrete Models for Energy-Minimizing Segmentation,
ICCV93(200-207).
IEEE DOI Link Segment the image and generate an approximation to it (values for the regions). BibRef 9300

Chou, P.B., and Brown, C.M.,
The Theory and Practice of Bayesian Image Labeling,
IJCV(4), No. 3, 1990, pp. 185-210.
Springer DOI Link Bayes Nets. BibRef 9000
Earlier:
Multimodal Reconstruction and Segmentation with Markov Random Fields and HCF Optimization,
DARPA88(214-221). BibRef
And:
Probabilistic Information Fusion for Multi-Modal Image Segmentation,
IJCAI87(779-782). Segmentation, Histogram. BibRef

Chen, P.B., Brown, C.M.,
Multi-Modal Segmentation Using Markov Random Fields,
DARPA87(663-670). BibRef 8700

Postaire, J.G., Ameziane, M.,
A Pattern Classification Approach to Multilevel Thresholding for Image Segmentation,
CVIP92(307-328). BibRef 9200

Papamarkos, N., Gatos, B.,
A New Approach For Multilevel Threshold Selection,
GMIP(56), No. 5, September 1994, pp. 357-370. BibRef 9409

Papamarkos, N., Strouthopoulos, C., Andreadis, I.,
Multithresholding of color and gray-level images through a neural network technique,
IVC(18), No. 3, February 2000, pp. 213-222.
WWW Version. 0001
See also On estimation of the number of image principal colors and color reduction through self-organized neural networks. BibRef

Tseng, D.C., and Huang, M.Y.,
Automatic Thresholding Based on Human Visual-Perception,
IVC(11), No. 9, November 1993, pp. 539-548.
WWW Version. BibRef 9311

Tseng, D.C., Chang, C.H.,
Color segmentation using perceptual attributes,
ICPR92(III:228-231).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Banerjee, S.[Saibal], Rosenfeld, A.[Azriel],
MAP Estimation of Piecewise Constant Digital Signals,
CVGIP(57), No. 1, January 1993, pp. 63-80.
WWW Version. BibRef 9301

Keeler, K.,
MAP Representations and Coding-Based Priors for Segmentation,
CVPR91(420-425).
IEEE Abstract. Choose the parameters in the stocastic process that created the image. BibRef 9100

Kundu, A.,
A Quantization Approach to Image Segmentation,
Draft1988. This did the same as the earlier See also Optimal Multiple Threshold Scheme for Image Segmentation, An. but did try to do multiple thresholds all at once. BibRef 8800

Mardia, K.V., and Hainsworth, T.J.,
A Spatial Thresholding Method for Image Segmentation,
PAMI(10), No. 6, November 1988, pp. 919-927.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Segmentation, Binarization. A heavily statistical based analysis for the two class case. Generate segmentations and apply a spatial (median) processing to correct the errors. BibRef 8811

Arnulfo, P.[Perez], and Gonzalez, R.C.,
An Iterative Thresholding Algorithm for Image Segmentation,
PAMI(9), No. 6, November 1987, pp. 742-751. Segmentation, Binarization. Segmentation, Histogram. This method is designed for bimodal distributions and works in a raster format so that local variations in overall lighting can be handled. It computes an adaptive threshold by row scan or column scan and then ORs the result. BibRef 8711

Davis, L.S., Rosenfeld, A., and Weszka, J.S.,
Region Extraction by Averaging and Thresholding,
SMC(5), May 1975, pp. 383-388. Smoothing. Local smoothing before thresholding to reduce the effects of texture. See also Note on Thinning, A. BibRef 7505

Narayanan, K.A., O'Leary, D.P.[Dianne P.], and Rosenfeld, A.,
Image Smoothing and Segmentation by Cost Minimization,
SMC(12), 1982, pp. 91-96. BibRef 8200

Narayanan, K.A., O'Leary, D.P.[Dianne P.], and Rosenfeld, A.,
Multi-Resolution Relaxation,
PR(16), No. 2, 1983, pp. 223-230.
WWW Version. Relaxation. First find the solution at a low resolution, then apply a few iterations at a higher resolution, thus reducing the number of high resolution iterations. BibRef 8300

White, J.M., and Rohrer, G.D.,
Image Thresholding for Optical Character Recognition and Other Applications Requiring Character Image Extraction,
IBMRD(27), No. 4, July 1983, pp. 400-411. OCR. Character Recognition. A dynamic thresholding technique. BibRef 8307

Scott, K.C.[Kevin C.],
System and method for bidirectional adaptive thresholding,
US_Patent5,313,533, May 17, 1994.
HTML Version. BibRef 9405

Venkateswarlu, N.B.,
Implementation of Some Image Thresholding Algorithms on a Connection Machine-200,
PRL(16), No. 7, July 1995, pp. 759-768. BibRef 9507

Hannah, I., Patel, D., Davies, E.R.,
The Use of Variance and Entropic Thresholding Methods for Image Segmentation,
PR(28), No. 8, August 1995, pp. 1135-1143.
WWW Version. BibRef 9508

Patel, D., Hannah, I., Davies, E.R.,
Foreign object detection via texture analysis,
ICPR94(A:586-588).
IEEE DOI Link 9410
BibRef

Patel, D., Davies, E.R., Hannah, I.,
The Use of Convolution-Operators for Detecting Contaminants in Food Images,
PR(29), No. 6, June 1996, pp. 1019-1029.
WWW Version. 9606
BibRef

Davies, E.R.,
Stable bi-level and multi-level thresholding of images using a new global transformation,
IET-CV(2), No. 2, June 2008, pp. 60-74.
WWW Version. 0905
BibRef

Huang, L.K.[Liang-Kai], Wang, M.J.J.[Mao-Jiun J.],
Image thresholding by minimizing the measures of fuzziness,
PR(28), No. 1, January 1995, pp. 41-51.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

Beghdadi, A., Le Negrate, A., Viaris de Lesegno, P.[Patrick],
Entropic Thresholding Using a Block Source Model,
GMIP(57), No. 3, May 1995, pp. 197-205. BibRef 9505

Messelodi, S., Modena, C.M.,
Context Driven Text Segmentation and Recognition,
PRL(17), No. 1, January 10 1996, pp. 47-56. BibRef 9601

Philips, T.Y., Rosenfeld, A., and Sher, A.C.,
O(log n) Bimodality Analysis,
PR(22), No. 6, 1989, pp. 741-746.
WWW Version. BibRef 8900

Bhattacharya, P., Yan, Y.K.,
Iterative Histogram-Modification of Gray Images,
SMC(25), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 521-523. BibRef 9503

Venkatesh, S., Rosin, P.L.,
Dynamic Threshold Determination by Local and Global Edge Evaluation,
GMIP(57), No. 2, March 1995, pp. 146-160. BibRef 9503
Earlier: SPIE(1964), 1993, pp. 40-50. Code, Segmentation. The code is available on the vision list archive:
WWW Version. BibRef

Rosin, P.L.,
Edges: Saliency Measures and Automatic Thresholding,
MVA(9), No. 4, 1997, pp. 139-159.
HTML Version. BibRef 9700
Earlier: Techical note No. I.95.58 TRInstitute of Remote Sensing Applications, Ispra Italy., 1995. Extensions of the GMIP paper above.
PDF Version. BibRef

Rosin, P.L.[Paul L.],
Unimodal Thresholding,
PR(34), No. 11, November 2001, pp. 2083-2096.
WWW Version. 0108
BibRef
Earlier: SCIA99(633-642).
PDF Version. See also Thresholding for Change Detection. BibRef

Yen, J.C., Chang, F.J., and Chang, S.,
A New Criterion for Automatic Multilevel Thresholding,
IP(4), No. 3, March 1995, pp. 370-378.
IEEE DOI Link A variation on the entropy function to move the log to outside the loop. BibRef 9503

Robinson, D.C.[David C.],
Apparatus and method for segmenting an input image in one of a plurality of modes,
US_Patent5,339,172, August 16, 1994.
WWW Version. BibRef 9408

Pan, H.P.[He-Ping],
Two-Level Global Optimization for Image Segmentation,
PandRS(49), No. 2, 1994, pp. 21-32. Two levels. Pixel and Region. MDL principle. BibRef 9400

Naveen, T., Woods, J.W.,
Subband Finite-State Scalar Quantization,
IP(5), No. 1, January 1996, pp. 150-155.
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9601

Ng, W.S., Lee, C.K.,
Comment on Using the Uniformity Measure for Performance-Measure in Image Segmentation,
PAMI(18), No. 9, September 1996, pp. 933-934.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link Thresholding. The measure by Levine and Nazif ( See also Dynamic Measurement of Computer Generated Image Segmentations. ) is the same as that by Otsu ( See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. ). BibRef 9609

Wiman, H.,
Array Algebra Polynomial Fitting for Image Segmentation,
JMIV(6), No. 1, January 1996, pp. 7-13. 9608
BibRef

Yan, H.,
Unified Formulation of a Class of Image Thresholding Techniques,
PR(29), No. 12, December 1996, pp. 2025-2032.
WWW Version. 9701
BibRef

Chang, J.S., Liao, H.Y.M., Hor, M.K., Hsieh, J.W., Chern, M.Y.,
New Automatic Multilevel Thresholding Technique for Segmentation of Thermal Images,
IVC(15), No. 1, January 1997, pp. 23-34.
WWW Version. 9702
BibRef

Karssemeijer, N.,
A Relaxation Method for Image Segmentation Using a Spatially Dependent Stochastic Model,
PRL(11), 1990, pp. 13-23. BibRef 9000

Pal, S.K., Rosenfeld, A.,
Image Enhancement and Thresholding by Optimization of Fuzzy Compactness,
PRL(7), 1988, pp. 77-86. BibRef 8800

Pal, S.K., Pal, N.R.,
Segmentation Using Contrast and Homogeneity Measures,
PRL(5), 1987, pp. 293-304. BibRef 8700

Pal, N.R., Pal, S.K.,
Image Model, Poisson Distribution and Object Extraction,
PRAI(5), 1991, pp. 459-483. BibRef 9100

Pal, S.K., Pal, N.R.,
Object Extraction from Image Using Higher Order Entropy,
ICPR88(I: 348-350).
IEEE DOI Link
IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Lu, F.S., Wise, G.L.,
A Further Investigation of Max's Algorithm for Optimum Quantization,
Commun(33), 1985, pp. 746-750. BibRef 8500

Swaszek, P.F.,
Uniform Spherical Coordinate Quantization of Spherically Symmetric Sources,
Commun(33), 1985, pp. 518-521. BibRef 8500

Vasquez, G.,
Comments on 'A Simple Approximation for Minimum Mean-Square Error Symmetric Uniform Quantization',
Commun(34), 1986, pp. 298-300. BibRef 8600

Swaszek, P.F., Thomas, J.B.,
Design of Quantizers from Histograms,
Commun(32), 1984, pp. 240-245. BibRef 8400

Scheunders, P.,
A Genetic C-Means Clustering-Algorithm Applied to Color Image Quantization,
PR(30), No. 6, June 1997, pp. 859-866.
WWW Version. 9706
See also Local mapping for multispectral image visualization. BibRef

Scheunders, P.,
A Comparison of Clustering Algorithms Applied to Color Image Quantization,
PRL(18), No. 11-13, November 1997, pp. 1379-1384. 9806
BibRef

Scheunders, P.[Paul],
A Genetic Lloyd-Max Image Quantization Algorithm,
PRL(17), No. 5, May 1 1996, pp. 547-556. 9606
BibRef
Earlier:
A Genetic Approach Towards Optimal Color Image Quantization,
ICIP96(III: 1031-1034).
IEEE DOI Link See also Least Squares Quantization in PCM. BibRef

Scheunders, P., van Hove, H., Livens, S.,
On the Local Optimality of Image Quantizers,
ICPR96(IV: 664-668).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(RUCA, Univ. of Antwerp, B) BibRef

Livens, S.[Stefan], van Roost, C.[Chris], Scheunders, P.[Paul], and van Dyck, D.[Dirk],
Granulometric Segmentation Using a Gradient Convergence Map,
SCIA97(xx-yy)
HTML Version. 9705
BibRef

Scheunders, P.,
Joint Quantization and Error Diffusion of Color Images Using Competitive Learning,
VISP(145), No. 2, April 1998, pp. 137-140. 9806
BibRef
Earlier: Add A2: de Backer, S., ICIP97(I: 811-814).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Hansen, M.W.[Michael W.], Higgins, W.E.[William E.],
Relaxation Methods for Supervised Image Segmentation,
PAMI(19), No. 9, September 1997, pp. 949-962.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 9710
BibRef
Earlier:
Watershed-driven relaxation labeling for image segmentation,
ICIP94(III: 460-464).
IEEE DOI Link 9411
Watershed driven relaxation labeling. Applied to 3D medical images. Use cues that indicate region shape. BibRef

Revankar, S.V.[Shriram V.], Fan, Z.G.[Zhi-Gang],
Image segmentation system,
US_Patent5,767,978, Jun 16, 1998
WWW Version. to render similar regions similarily BibRef 9806

Friel, N.[Nial], Molchanov, I.S.[Ilya S.],
A new thresholding technique based on random sets,
PR(32), No. 9, September 1999, pp. 1507-1517.
WWW Version. BibRef 9909

Saha, P.K.[Punam K.], Udupa, J.K.[Jayaram K.],
Optimum Image Thresholding via Class Uncertainty and Region Homogeneity,
PAMI(23), No. 7, July 2001, pp. 689-706.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0108
Account for intensity information (histograms) and region homogeneity with a scale-based formulation. Compared with: See also Maximum Segmented Image Information Thresholding. See also Fuzzy connectedness and image segmentation. BibRef

Comaniciu, D.[Dorin], Meer, P.[Peter],
Mean Shift: A Robust Approach Toward Feature Space Analysis,
PAMI(24), No. 5, May 2002, pp. 603-619.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0205
BibRef
Earlier:
Mean Shift Analysis and Applications,
ICCV99(1197-1203).
IEEE DOI Link An estimator of the density gradient. Generate regions from values. For the code: See also Edison: Edge Detection and Image SegmentatiON system. BibRef

Comaniciu, D.[Dorin], Meer, P.[Peter],
Robust Analysis of Feature Spaces: Color Image Segmentation,
CVPR97(750-755).
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 9704
Code, Segmentation. Code, Segmentation, C++. For the C++ code:
HTML Version. Color quantization for segmentation. Map into another feature space. BibRef

Georgescu, B., Shimshoni, I., Meer, P.,
Mean shift based clustering in high dimensions: A Texture Classification Example,
ICCV03(456-463).
IEEE DOI Link 0311
BibRef

Stanford, D.C.[Derek C.], Raftery, A.E.[Adrian E.],
Approximate Bayes Factors for Image Segmentation: The Pseudolikelihood Information Criterion (PLIC),
PAMI(24), No. 11, November 2002, pp. 1517-1520.
IEEE Abstract. 0211
Segmentation by quantization. BibRef

Jiang, X.Y.[Xiao-Yi], Mojon, D.,
Adaptive local thresholding by verification-based multithreshold probing with application to vessel detection in retinal images,
PAMI(25), No. 1, January 2003, pp. 131-138.
IEEE Abstract.
IEEE DOI Link 0301
Applied to retina images. Find the blood vessels. BibRef

Sund, T., Eilertsen, K.,
An algorithm for fast adaptive image binarization with applications in radiotherapy imaging,
MedImg(22), No. 1, January 2003, pp. 22-28.
IEEE Top Reference. 0304
BibRef

Lin, K.C.[Ku Chin],
Fast image thresholding by finding the zero(s) of the first derivative of between-class variance,
MVA(13), No. 5-6, 2003, pp. 254-262.
HTML Version. 0304
BibRef

Murtagh, F., Starck, J.L.,
Quantization from Bayes factors with application to multilevel thresholding,
PRL(24), No. 12, August 2003, pp. 2001-2007.
WWW Version. 0304
BibRef

Murtagh, F., Barreto, D., Marcello, J.,
Decision Boundaries Using Bayes Factors: The Case of Cloud Masks,
GeoRS(41), No. 12, December 2003, pp. 2952-2958.
IEEE Abstract. 0402
BibRef

Murtagh, F.[Fionn], Raftery, A.E.[Adrian E.], Starck, J.L.[Jean-Luc],
Bayesian inference for multiband image segmentation via model-based cluster trees,
IVC(23), No. 6, 1 June 2005, pp. 587-596.
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef

Chung, K.L.[Kuo-Liang], Chen, W.Y.[Wan-Yu],
Fast adaptive PNN-based thresholding algorithms,
PR(36), No. 12, December 2003, pp. 2793-2804.
WWW Version. 0310
BibRef

Meyer, F.[Fernand],
Levelings, Image Simplification Filters for Segmentation,
JMIV(20), No. 1-2, January-March 2004, pp. 59-72.
WWW Version. 0403
BibRef

Hanbury, A.[Allan], Marcotegui, B.[Beatriz],
Morphological segmentation on learned boundaries,
IVC(27), No. 4, 3 March 2009, pp. 480-488.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0804
BibRef
Earlier:
Waterfall Segmentation of Complex Scenes,
ACCV06(I:888-897).
Springer DOI Link 0601
Image segmentation; Watershed; Waterfall; Normalised cuts; Segmentation evaluation; Volume extinction values BibRef

Zanoguera, M.F.[M. Francisca], Marcotegui, B.[Beatriz], Meyer, F.[Fernand],
A Toolbox for Interactive Segmentation Based on Nested Partitions,
ICIP99(I:21-25).
IEEE Abstract. BibRef 9900

Demirkaya, O.[Omer], Asyali, M.H.[Musa H.],
Determination of image bimodality thresholds for different intensity distributions,
SP:IC(19), No. 6, July 2004, pp. 507-516.
WWW Version. 0409
BibRef

Benabdelkader, S.[Souad], Boulemden, M.[Mohammed],
Recursive algorithm based on fuzzy 2-partition entropy for 2-level image thresholding,
PR(38), No. 8, August 2005, pp. 1289-1294.
WWW Version. 0505
Entropy approach for threshold selection. BibRef

Tong, C.S.[Chong Sze], Zhang, Y.P.[Yong-Ping], Zheng, N.N.[Nan-Ning],
Variational Image Binarization and its Multi-Scale Realizations,
JMIV(23), No. 2, September 2005, pp. 185-198.
Springer DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Yang, Y.[Yong], Zheng, C.X.[Chong-Xun], Lin, P.[Pan],
Spatially Weighted Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm for Image Thresholding,
GVIP(05), No. V3, 2005, pp. xx-yy
HTML Version. BibRef 0500

Tizhoosh, H.R.[Hamid R.],
Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets,
PR(38), No. 12, December 2005, pp. 2363-2372.
WWW Version. 0510
For comment: See also Comment on: Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets. Importance of this method. BibRef

Tizhoosh, H.R.[Hamid R.],
Adaptive lambda-enhancement: Type I versus type II fuzzy implementation,
CIIP09(1-7).
IEEE DOI Link 0903
BibRef

Tizhoosh, H.R.[Hamid R.],
Interval-valued versus intuitionistic fuzzy sets: Isomorphism versus semantics,
PR(41), No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1829-1830.
WWW Version. 0711
BibRef

Shokri, M., Tizhoosh, H.R.,
Q-Lambda -based image thresholding,
CRV04(504-508).
IEEE Abstract. 0408
BibRef

Othman, A.A.[Ahmed A.], Tizhoosh, H.R.[Hamid R.],
Neural Image Thresholding Using SIFT: A Comparative Study,
ACIVS10(I: 38-49).
Springer DOI Link 1012
BibRef

Vlachos, I.K.[Ioannis K.], Sergiadis, G.D.[George D.],
Comment on: 'Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets',
PR(41), No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1827-1828.
WWW Version. 0711
See also Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets. BibRef

Wang, S.T.[Shi-Tong], Chung, F.L.,
Note on the equivalence relationship between Renyi-entropy based and Tsallis-entropy based image thresholding,
PRL(26), No. 14, 15 October 2005, pp. 2309-2312.
WWW Version. 0510
BibRef

Blayvas, I.[Ilya], Bruckstein, A.M.[Alfred M.], Kimmel, R.[Ron],
Efficient Computation of Adaptive Threshold Surfaces for Image Binarization,
PR(39), No. 1, January 2006, pp. 89-101.
WWW Version. 0512
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR01(I:737-742).
IEEE Abstract. 0110
BibRef

Sifre-Maunier, L.[Laurence], Taylor, R.G.[Richard G.], Berge, P.[Philippe], Culioli, J.[Joseph], Bonny, J.M.[Jean-Marie],
A global unimodal thresholding based on probabilistic reference maps for the segmentation of muscle images,
IVC(24), No. 10, 1 October 2006, pp. 1080-1089.
WWW Version. 0609
Unimodal thresholding; Segmentation; Muscle BibRef

Bazi, Y.[Yakoub], Bruzzone, L.[Lorenzo], Melgani, F.[Farid],
Image thresholding based on the EM algorithm and the generalized Gaussian distribution,
PR(40), No. 2, February 2007, pp. 619-634.
WWW Version. 0611
Image thresholding; Expectation-Maximization algorithm; Generalized Gaussian distribution; Genetic algorithms BibRef

Peng, T.G.[Tie-Gen], Wang, Y.H.[Yin-Hua], Wu, T.H.[Ti-Hua],
Mean shift algorithm equipped with the intersection of confidence intervals rule for image segmentation,
PRL(28), No. 2, 15 January 2007, pp. 268-277.
WWW Version. 0611
Keywords: Intersection of confidence intervals (ICI); Mean shift; Image segmentation; Kernel function; Bandwidth selection BibRef

Wang, S.T.[Shi-Tong], Chung, F.L.[Fu-Lai], Xiong, F.S.[Fu-Song],
A novel image thresholding method based on Parzen window estimate,
PR(41), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 117-129.
WWW Version. 0710
Parzen window; Thresholding; Image segmentation BibRef

Cao, L.[Li], Bao, P.[Paul], Shi, Z.[Zhongke],
The strongest schema learning GA and its application to multilevel thresholding,
IVC(26), No. 5, May 2008, pp. 716-724.
WWW Version. 0803
Multilevel thresholding; Otsu method; Kapur method; Genetic algorithms; Schema See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. BibRef

Chabrier, S., Rosenberger, C.[Christophe], Emile, B., Laurent, H.[Helene],
Optimization-Based Image Segmentation by Genetic Algorithms,
JIVP(2008), No. 2008, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 0804
BibRef

Huang, D.Y.[Deng-Yuan], Wang, C.H.[Chia-Hung],
Optimal multi-level thresholding using a two-stage Otsu optimization approach,
PRL(30), No. 3, 1 February 2009, pp. 275-284.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0804
Otsu's method; Image segmentation; Multi-level thresholding See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. BibRef

Chen, Y.B.[Yuan Been], Chen, O.T.C.[Oscal T.C.],
Image Segmentation Method Using Thresholds Automatically Determined from Picture Contents,
JIVP(2009), No. 2009, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 0904
BibRef

Kwon, S.H.[Soon Hak], Jeong, H.C.[Hye Cheun], Seo, S.T.[Suk Tae], Lee, I.K.[In Keun], Son, C.S.[Chang Sik],
Histogram Equalization-Based Thresholding,
IEICE(E91-D), No. 11, November 2008, pp. 2751-2753.
WWW Version. 0804
BibRef

Seo, S.T.[Suk Tae], Lee, I.K.[In Keun], Jeong, H.C.[Hye Cheun], Kwon, S.H.[Soon Hak],
Gaussian Kernel-Based Multi-Histogram Equalization,
IEICE(E93-D), No. 5, May 2010, pp. 1313-1316.
WWW Version. 1006
BibRef

Son, C.S.[Chang Sik], Seo, S.T.[Suk Tae], Lee, I.K.[In Keun], Jeong, H.C.[Hye Cheun], Kwon, S.H.[Soon Hak],
Threshold Selection Based on Interval-Valued Fuzzy Sets,
IEICE(E92-D), No. 9, September 2009, pp. 1807-1810.
WWW Version. 0910
BibRef

Seo, S.T.[Suk Tae], Jeong, H.C.[Hye Cheun], Lee, I.K.[In Keun], Son, C.S.[Chang Sik], Kwon, S.H.[Soon Hak],
Plausibility-Based Approach to Image Thresholding,
IEICE(E92-D), No. 10, October 2009, pp. 2167-2170.
WWW Version. 0910
BibRef

Seo, S.T.[Suk Tae], Lee, I.K.[In Keun], Son, S.H.[Seo Ho], Lee, H.G.[Hyong Gun], Kwon, S.H.[Soon Hak],
Co-occurrence Matrix-Based Image Segmentation,
IEICE(E93-D), No. 11, November 2010, pp. 3128-3131.
WWW Version. 1011
BibRef

Coudray, N.[Nicolas], Buessler, J.L.[Jean-Luc], Urban, J.P.[Jean-Philippe],
Robust threshold estimation for images with unimodal histograms,
PRL(31), No. 9, 1 July 2010, pp. 1010-1019.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1004
Automatic thresholding; Image histogram; Unimodal distribution; Edge detection BibRef

Bustince, H., Barrenechea, E., Pagola, M., Fernandez, J., Sanz, J.,
Comment on: 'Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets'. Importance of this method,
PR(43), No. 9, September 2010, pp. 3188-3192.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1006
Type II fuzzy set; Interval-valued fuzzy set; Interval-valued fuzzy entropy; Fuzzy entropy; Image thresholding See also Image thresholding using type II fuzzy sets. BibRef

Bhoyar, K.K.[Kishor Keshaorao], Kakde, O.G.[Omprakash G.],
Color Image Segmentation using Fast Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm,
ELCVIA(9), No. No. 1, 2010, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 1011
BibRef

Li, Z.Y.[Zuo-Yong], Yang, J.[Jian], Liu, G.H.[Guang-Hai], Cheng, Y.[Yong], Liu, C.C.[Chuan-Cai],
Unsupervised range-constrained thresholding,
PRL(32), No. 2, 15 January 2011, pp. 392-402.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1101
Thresholding; Image segmentation; Human visual perception; Standard deviation; Unsupervised estimation BibRef

Li, Z.Y.[Zuo-Yong], Liu, C.C.[Chuan-Cai], Zhao, C.R.[Cai-Rong], Cheng, Y.[Yong],
An Image Thresholding Method Based on Human Visual Perception,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Beheshti, S., Hashemi, M., Sejdic, E., Chau, T.,
Mean Square Error Estimation in Thresholding,
SPLetters(18), No. 2, February 2011, pp. 103-106.
IEEE DOI Link 1101
BibRef

Atto, A.M.[Abdourrahmane M.], Pastor, D.[Dominique], Mercier, G.[Grégoire],
Wavelet shrinkage: Unification of basic thresholding functions and thresholds,
SIViP(5), No. 1, March 2011, pp. 11-28.
WWW Version. 1103
BibRef

Xu, X.Y.[Xiang-Yang], Xu, S.Z.[Sheng-Zhou], Jin, L.H.[Liang-Hai], Song, E.[Enmin],
Characteristic analysis of Otsu threshold and its applications,
PRL(32), No. 7, 1 May 2011, pp. 956-961.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 1101
Image segmentation; Threshold selection; Otsu criterion See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. BibRef

Cuevas, E.[Erik], Zaldivar, D.[Daniel], Pérez-Cisneros, M.[Marco],
Seeking multi-thresholds for image segmentation with Learning Automata,
MVA(22), No. 5, September 2011, pp. 805-818.
WWW Version. 1108
BibRef

Xue, J.H.[Jing-Hao], Titterington, D.M.,
t-Tests, F-Tests and Otsu's Methods for Image Thresholding,
IP(20), No. 8, August 2011, pp. 2392-2396.
IEEE DOI Link 1108
See also Threshold Selection Method from Grey-Level Histograms, A. BibRef

Sen, D.[Debashis], Pal, S.K.[Sankar K.],
Feature space based image segmentation via density modification,
ICIP09(4017-4020).
IEEE DOI Link 0911
BibRef

Zuo, T.[Tian], Zhu, Y.[Yu], Jiang, L.J.[Lin-Jia],
Multi-Thresholding Segmentation and Contour Tracing of ACF Surface Image,
CISP09(1-5).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Chen, L.[Liang], Guo, L.[Lei], Yang, N.[Ning], Du, Y.Q.[Ya-Qin],
Multi-Level Image Thresholding Based on Histogram Voting,
CISP09(1-5).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

She, L.H.[Li-Huang], Wang, G.H.[Guo-Hua], Zhang, S.[Shi], Zhao, J.S.[Jin-Shuan],
An Adaptive Threshold Algorithm Combining Shifting Window Difference and Forward-Backward Difference in Real-Time R-Wave Detection,
CISP09(1-4).
IEEE DOI Link 0910
BibRef

Rueda, L.[Luis],
An Efficient Algorithm for Optimal Multilevel Thresholding of Irregularly Sampled Histograms,
SSPR08(602-611).
Springer DOI Link 0812
BibRef

Lu, Z.W.[Zhi-Wu], Peng, Y.X.[Yu-Xin], Xiao, J.G.[Jian-Guo],
Unsupervised learning of finite mixtures using entropy regularization and its application to image segmentation,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0806
BibRef

Paris, S.[Sylvain], Durand, F.[Fredo],
A Topological Approach to Hierarchical Segmentation using Mean Shift,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Yang, L.[Lin], Meer, P.[Peter], Foran, D.J.[David J.],
Multiple Class Segmentation Using A Unified Framework over Mean-Shift Patches,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Rodríguez, R.[Roberto], Suarez, A.G.[Ana G.],
An Image Segmentation Algorithm Using Iteratively the Mean Shift,
CIARP06(326-335).
Springer DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Liu, J.D.[Jun-Dong],
Robust Image Segmentation using Local Median,
CRV06(31-31).
IEEE DOI Link 0607
BibRef

Khalvati, F.[Farzad], Tizhoosh, H.R.[Hamid R.], Hajian, A.R.[Arsen R.],
Increasing Computational Redundancy of Digital Images via Multiresolutional Matching,
ICIAR09(146-157).
Springer DOI Link 0907
BibRef

Sahba, F., Tizhoosh, H.R., Salama, M.M.A.,
Increasing Object Recognition Rate using Reinforced Segmentation,
ICIP06(781-784).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Rahnamayan, S., Tizhoosh, H.R., Salama, M.M.A.,
Weighted Voting-Based Robust Image Thresholding,
ICIP06(1129-1132).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Olhede, S.C.,
Hyperanalytic Thresholding,
ICIP06(1421-1424).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef

Malisia, A.R., Tizhoosh, H.R.,
Applying Ant Colony Optimization to Binary Thresholding,
ICIP06(2409-2412).
IEEE DOI Link 0610
BibRef
Earlier:
Image Thresholding Using Ant Colony Optimization,
CRV06(26-26).
IEEE DOI Link 0607
BibRef

Singh, M., Ahuja, N.,
Regression Based Bandwidth Selection for Segmentation Using Parzen Windows,
ICCV03(2-9).
IEEE DOI Link 0311
Represent the image as piecewise continuous. Find modes. BibRef

Wu, S.[Sue], Amin, A.,
Automatic thresholding of gray-level using multi-stage approach,
ICDAR03(493-497).
IEEE Abstract. 0311
BibRef

Cho, W.H., Kim, S.H.,
Mean Field Annealing EM for Image Segmentation,
ICIP00(Vol III: 568-571).
IEEE Abstract. 0008
BibRef

Smolka, B.[Bogdan], Wojciechowski, K.W.[Konrad W.],
A new method of texture binarization,
CAIP97(629-636).
WWW Version. 9709
BibRef

Kindratenko, V.V.[Volodymyr V.], Treiger, B.A.[Boris A.], Van Espen, P.J.M.[Piet J. M.],
Binarization of inhomogeneously illuminated images,
CIAP95(483-487).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef

Madarasmi, S., Kersten, D., and Pong, T.C.,
Multi-Layer Surface Segmentation Using Energy Minimization,
CVPR93(774-775).
IEEE Abstract. BibRef 9300

Pong, T.C., Madarasmi, S., Chu, Y.L.,
Texture Segmentation Using Topographic Labels,
CVIP92(537-554). BibRef 9200

Tao, W., Burkhardt, H.,
An Effective Image Thresholding Method Using a Fuzzy Compactness Measure,
ICPR94(A:47-51).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9400

Kiryati, N., Bruckstein, A.M.,
On piecewise-planar representation of images,
ICPR92(III:451-454).
IEEE DOI Link 9208
BibRef

Jiang, T., Merickel, M.B., Parrish, Jr., E.A.,
Automated Threshold Detection Using A Pyramid Structure,
ICPR88(II: 689-692).
IEEE DOI Link 8811
BibRef

Chapter on 2-D Region Segmentation Techniques, Snakes, Active Contours continues in
Classification Methods, Clustering for Region Segmentation .