9.10.1 Focusing, Autofocus, Auto Focus

Stroke, G.W., Peuch, C.P.,
Single-Focus Images Restored from Conventionally Recorded Superposed Coded Multi-Focus Photographs,
OptComm(1), No. 5, November/December 1969, pp. 223-226. BibRef 6911

Krotkov, E.P.,
Focusing,
IJCV(1), No. 3, October, 1987, pp. 223-237.
Springer DOI Link BibRef 8710
Earlier: UPennCIS-86-22, 1986. Solutions to problems with automatic focussing of general purpose cameras. (Is this so hard given the availability of auto focus cameras?). See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef

Krotkov, E.P., and Bajcsy, R.,
Active Vision for Reliable Ranging: Cooperating Focus, Stereo, and Vergence,
IJCV(11), No. 2, October 1993, pp. 187-203.
Springer DOI Link See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef 9310

Krotkov, E., and Martin, J.P.,
Range From Focus,
CRA86(1093-1098). BibRef 8600

Tejima, Y.[Yasuyuki], Sugawara, S.[Saburo], Yuda, H.[Hideaki],
Auxiliary light projecting apparatus for a focus detecting system,
US_Patent4,870,442, Sep 26, 1989
WWW Version. BibRef 8909

Hirao, Y.[Yoshiaki], Kuga, R.[Ryuichiro], Yoneyama, M.[Masayuki],
Video camera with automatic focusing function,
US_Patent5,077,613, Dec 31, 1991
WWW Version. BibRef 9112

Sudaf, H.[Hirofumi], Toyama, M.[Masamichi], Fujiwara, A.[Akihiro], Yamada, K.[Kunihiko],
Automatic focusing device having a settable focus detection area,
US_Patent5,128,768, Jul 7, 1992
WWW Version. BibRef 9207

Inabata, T.[Tatsuo],
Focus detecting optical system including a plurality of focus blocks composed of an integrally molded prism member,
US_Patent5,245,175, Sep 14, 1993
WWW Version. BibRef 9309

Subbarao, M., Choi, T., Nikzad, A.,
Focusing Techniques,
OptEng(32), No. 11, November 1993, pp. 2824-2836. BibRef 9311

Subbarao, M., Wei, T.C., Surya, G.,
Focused Image Recovery from Two Defocused Images Recorded with Different Camera Settings,
IP(4), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1613-1628.
IEEE DOI Link 0402
BibRef
Earlier: CVPR94(786-791).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef

Subbarao, M., and Wei, T.C.,
Depth from Defocus and Rapid Autofocusing: A Practical Approach,
CVPR92(773-776).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. Hardware exhibited at the conference. BibRef 9200

Subbarao, M., Gurumoorthy, N.,
Depth Recovery from Blurred Edges,
CVPR88(498-503).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Subbarao, M.,
Parallel Depth Recovery by Changing Camera Parameters,
ICCV88(149-155).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800
Earlier:
Direct Recovery of Depth-map I: Differential Methods,
CVWS87(58-65). Depth is recovered from changing the focal length, focal plane distance, and apperature. BibRef

Subbarao, M.[Murali], and Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Selecting the Optimal Focus Measure for Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus,
PAMI(20), No. 8, August 1998, pp. 864-870.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Generate focus error measures. BibRef 9808

Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Analysis and Application of Autofocusing and Three-Dimensional Shape Recovery Techniques Based on Image Focus and Defocus,
Ph.D.Thesis, EE, SUNY, Stony Brook. 1997. BibRef 9700

Yeo, T.T.E., Ong, S.H., Jayasooriah, Sinniah, R.,
Autofocusing for tissue microscopy,
IVC(11), No. 10, December 1993, pp. 629-639.
WWW Version. 0401
BibRef

McIntyre, D.F.[Dale F.],
Autofocus camera,
US_Patent5,530,512, Jun 25, 1996
WWW Version. BibRef 9606

Capper, D.G.[David G.],
Camera with autofocus and aiming mechanism and method,
US_Patent5,694,632, Dec 2, 1997
WWW Version. Pattern of projected light. BibRef 9712

Martinez Baena, J., Fdez Valdivia, J., Garcia, J.A.,
A Multichannel Autofocusing Scheme for Gray Level Shape Scale Detection,
PR(30), No. 10, October 1997, pp. 1769-1786.
WWW Version. 9712
BibRef

Lohmann, A.W., Mendlovic, D., Zalevsky, Z.,
Digital Method for Measuring the Focus Error,
AppOpt(36), No. 28, October 1 1997, pp. 7204-7209. 9710
BibRef

Kim, S.K., Park, S.R., Paik, J.K.,
Simultaneous Out-of-Focus Blur Estimation and Restoration for Digital Auto-Focusing System,
Consumer(44), No. 3, August 1998, pp. 1071-1075. 9810
BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Generation of Arbitrarily Focused Images by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
JEI(7), No. 1, January 1998, pp. 138-144. 9807
BibRef
Earlier:
Iterative Reconstruction of an All-Focused Image by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP96(III: 551-554).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Mo, H.[Hiroshi], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Free Iris Scene Re-Focusing Based on a Three-Dimensional Filtering of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP06(2033-2036). 0610

IEEE DOI Link BibRef

Hannah, E.C.[Eric C.],
Method and apparatus for adjusting video data to limit the effects of automatic focusing control on motion estimation video coders,
US_Patent5,706,054, Jan 6, 1998
WWW Version. BibRef 9801

Kazakevich, Y.E.[Yuri E.],
Stereoscopic autofocusing based on comparing the left and right eye images,
US_Patent5,864,359, Jan 26, 1999
WWW Version. BibRef 9901

Kubota, A.[Akira], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu],
Reconstructing Arbitrarily Focused Images From Two Differently Focused Images Using Linear Filters,
IP(14), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 1848-1859.
IEEE DOI Link 0510
BibRef
Earlier:
Virtual view generation by linear processing of two differently focused images,
ICPR02(I: 504-507).
IEEE DOI Link 0211
BibRef
Earlier:
Inverse Filters for Reconstruction of Arbitrarily Focused Images from Two Differently Focused Images,
ICIP00(Vol I: 101-104).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008
BibRef

Kubota, A., Aizawa, K.,
Arbitrary view and focus image generation: rendering object-based shifting and focussing effect by linear filtering,
ICIP02(I: 489-492).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210
BibRef

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya],
Implicit 3D Approach to Image Generation: Object-Based Visual Effects by Linear Processing of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
WTRCV01(226). 0103
BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Registration and Blur Estimation Methods for Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP99(II:447-451).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Producing object-based special visual effects by integrating multiple differently focused images: Implicit 3D Approach to Image Content Manipulation,
ICIP99(II:515-519).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900
Image Content Manipulation by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
BibRef

Aizawa, K., Kodama, K., Kubota, A.,
Producing Object-Based Special Effects by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
CirSysVideo(10), No. 2, March 2000, pp. 323.
IEEE Top Reference. 0003
BibRef

Cao, Q.[Qing], Jahns, J.[Jurgen],
Focusing Analysis of the Pinhole Photon Sieve: Individual Far-Field Model,
JOSA-A(19), No. 12, December 2002, pp. 2387-2393.
WWW Version. 0304
BibRef

Lin, S.F.[Sheng-Fuu], Lin, Y.T.[You-Tasi], Su, C.K.[Chien-Kun],
An automatic focusing algorithm,
IJIST(12), No. 6, 2002, pp. 235-238.
WWW Version. 0308
BibRef

Sato, T.[Tatsuya],
Camera having a blur notifying function,
US_Patent6,625,396, Sep 23, 2003
WWW Version. BibRef 0309

Kehtarnavaz, N., Oh, H.J.,
Development and Real-Time Implementation of a Rule-Based Auto-Focus Algorithm,
RealTimeImg(9), No. 3, June 2003, pp. 197-203.
WWW Version. 0310
See also Development and Real-Time Implementation of Auto White Balancing Scoring Algorithm. BibRef

Gamadia, M., Kehtarnavaz, N.,
A Real-time Continuous Automatic Focus Algorithm for Digital Cameras,
Southwest06(163-167).
IEEE DOI Link 0603
BibRef

Suda, H.[Hirofumi],
Automatic focusing device,
US_Patent6,556,246, Apr 29, 2003
WWW Version. BibRef 0304

Lin, J.L.[Jin-Long], Zhang, C.[Chao], Shi, Q.Y.[Qing-Yun],
Estimating the amount of defocus through a wavelet transform approach,
PRL(25), No. 4, March 2004, pp. 407-411.
WWW Version. 0402
BibRef

Yap, P.T., Raveendran, P.,
Image focus measure based on Chebyshev moments,
VISP(151), No. 2, April 2004, pp. 128-136.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0406
BibRef

Park, K.R.[Kang Ryoung], Kim, J.H.[Jai-Hie],
A Real-Time Focusing Algorithm for Iris Recognition Camera,
SMC-C(35), No. 3, August 2005, pp. 441-444.
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef
Earlier: ICBA04(410-417).
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef

Li, R., Zhang, Y.J.,
Level Selection for Multiscale Fusion of Out-of-Focus Image,
SPLetters(12), No. 9, September 2005, pp. 617-620.
IEEE DOI Link 0508
BibRef

Zhang, Y.[Ying], Wen, C.Y.[Chang-Yun], Soh, Y.C.[Yeng Chai], Fong, A.M.[Aik Meng],
Adaptive autofocusing: a closed-loop perspective,
JOSA-A(22), No. 4, April 2005, pp. 625-635.
WWW Version. 0601
BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong],
An image-based calibration technique of spatial domain depth-from-defocus,
PRL(27), No. 12, September 2006, pp. 1318-1324.
WWW Version. Depth-from-defocus; Image-based defocus calibration; S-transform 0606
BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong], Moon, J.[Jaekyoung],
Image-Based Calibration of Spatial Domain Depth-from-Defocus and Application to Automatic Focus Tracking,
ACCV06(I:754-763).
Springer DOI Link 0601
BibRef

Kristan, M.[Matej], Pers, J.[Janez], Perse, M.[Matej], Kovacic, S.[Stanislav],
A Bayes-spectral-entropy-based measure of camera focus using a discrete cosine transform,
PRL(27), No. 13, 1 October 2006, pp. 1431-1439.
WWW Version. 0606
Camera focusing; Spectral methods; DCT; Bayes entropy BibRef

Maik, V., Cho, D., Shin, J.H., Paik, J.K.,
Regularized Restoration Using Image Fusion for Digital Auto-Focusing,
CirSysVideo(17), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 1360-1369.
IEEE DOI Link 0711
BibRef

Lee, J.S.[Jung-Soo], Yoo, Y.J.[Yoon-Jong], Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Hierarchical Blur Identification from Severely Out-of-Focus Images,
PSIVT06(1334-1342).
Springer DOI Link 0612
BibRef

Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Hwang, S.H.[Sung-Hyun], Kim, K.[Kiman], Kang, J.Y.[Jin-Young], Lee, S.W.[Seong-Won], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Blur Identification and Image Restoration Based on Evolutionary Multiple Object Segmentation for Digital Auto-focusing,
IWCIA04(656-668).
WWW Version. 0505
BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A5, A6, Only:
Isotropic Blur Identification for Fully Digital Auto-focusing,
ICIAR05(125-132).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Peddigari, V., Kehtarnavaz, N., <
Real-time predictive zoom tracking for digital still cameras,
RealTimeIP(2), No. 1, October 2007, pp. 45-54.
Springer DOI Link 0711
Keep object in focus while zooming. BibRef

Rahman, M., Gamadia, M., Kehtarnavaz, N.,
Real-time Face-based Auto-Focus for Digital Still and Cell-Phone Cameras,
Southwest08(177-180).
IEEE DOI Link 0803
BibRef

Tian, Y.[Yibin], Shieh, K.[Kevin], Wildsoet, C.F.[Christine F.],
Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations,
JOSA-A(24), No. 12, December 2007, pp. B165-B173.
WWW Version. 0801
BibRef

Sasaki, G.[Gen],
AF control apparatus and AF control method,
US_Patent7,224,397, May 29, 2007
WWW Version. BibRef 0705

Wang, W.W., Shui, P.L., Feng, X.C.,
Variational Models for Fusion and Denoising of Multifocus Images,
SPLetters(15), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 65-68.
IEEE DOI Link 0801
BibRef

Zhao, H.[Hui], Li, Q.[Qi], Feng, H.J.[Hua-Jun],
Multi-focus color image fusion in the HSI space using the sum-modified-laplacian and a coarse edge map,
IVC(26), No. 9, 1 September 2008, pp. 1285-1295.
WWW Version. 0806
HSI; SML; Multi-focus; Focus measure; Coarse-edge map; Region-filling BibRef

Lee, S.Y., Kumar, Y., Cho, J.M., Lee, S.W., Kim, S.W.,
Enhanced Autofocus Algorithm Using Robust Focus Measure and Fuzzy Reasoning,
CirSysVideo(18), No. 9, September 2008, pp. 1237-1246.
IEEE DOI Link 0810
BibRef

Thurman, S.T.[Samuel T.], de Rosa, R.T.[Ryan T.], Fienup, J.R.[James R.],
Amplitude metrics for field retrieval with hard-edged and uniformly illuminated apertures,
JOSA-A(26), No. 3, March 2009, pp. 700-709.
WWW Version. 0903
Amplitude and phase from multiple defocused measurements of the system PSF. BibRef

Thurman, S.T.[Samuel T.], Fienup, J.R.[James R.],
Phase retrieval with signal bias,
JOSA-A(26), No. 4, April 2009, pp. 1008-1014.
WWW Version. 0903
BibRef

Wu, S.Q.[Shi-Qian], Lin, W.S.[Wei-Si], Xie, S.L.[Shou-Lie], Lu, Z.K.[Zhong-Kang], Ong, E.P.[Ee Ping], Yao, S.[Susu],
Blind blur assessment for vision-based applications,
JVCIR(20), No. 4, May 2009, pp. 231-241.
Elsevier DOI Link
WWW Version. 0905
Blur identification; Point spread function; Line spread function; Blur model; Edge detection; Radon transform; Image interpolation; Blind image quality evaluation BibRef

Li, Y.[Yuan], Ohmura, I.[Isao], Takauji, H.[Hidenori], Kaneko, S.[Shun'ichi], Tanaka, T.[Takayuki],
Robust Focusing using Orientation Code Matching,
ELCVIA(7), No. 3, 2008, pp. xx-yy.
WWW Version. 0909
BibRef

Huhle, B.[Benjamin], Schairer, T.[Timo], Jenke, P.[Philipp], Straßer, W.[Wolfgang],
Realistic Depth Blur for Images with Range Data,
Dyn3D09(84-95).
Springer DOI Link 0909
Inverse of the shape, depth from blur. Change effective camera parameters after acquisition. BibRef

Gupta, M.[Mohit], Tian, Y.[Yuandong], Narasimhan, S.G.[Srinivasa G.], Zhang, L.[Li],
(De) focusing on global light transport for active scene recovery,
CVPR09(2969-2976).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Kusumoto, N.[Natsumi], Hiura, S.[Shinsaku], Sato, K.[Kosuke],
Uncalibrated synthetic aperture for defocus control,
CVPR09(2552-2559).
IEEE DOI Link 0906
BibRef

Makkapati, V.V.[Vishnu V.],
Improved wavelet-based microscope autofocusing for blood smears by using segmentation,
CASE09(208-211).
WWW Version. 0908
BibRef
And:
Segmentation based microscope autofocusing for blood smears,
SPIE(7260), 2009,
WWW Version. BibRef

Oyamada, Y.[Yuji], Saito, H.[Hideo],
Defocus Blur Correcting Projector-Camera System,
ACIVS08(xx-yy).
Springer DOI Link 0810
BibRef
Earlier:
Focal Pre-Correction of Projected Image for Deblurring Screen Image,
PROCAMS07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Joshi, N.[Neel], Szeliski, R.[Richard], Kriegman, D.J.[David J.],
PSF estimation using sharp edge prediction,
CVPR08(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0806
BibRef

Ahmad, M.B.[Muhammad Bilal],
Focus measure operator using 3D gradient,
ICMV07(18-22).
IEEE DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Dai, Z.J.[Zhi-Jun], Wu, Y.H.[Yi-Hong],
Where Are Focused Places of a Photo?,
Visual07(73-83).
Springer DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Gierl, C.[Christian], Kondo, T., Voos, H., Kongprawechon, W., Phoojaruenchanachai, S.,
Image Processing Algorithms for an Auto Focus System for Slit Lamp Microscopy,
ACIVS07(909-919).
Springer DOI Link 0708
BibRef

Okatani, T.[Takayuki], Deguchi, K.[Koichiro],
Estimating Scale of a Scene from a Single Image Based on Defocus Blur and Scene Geometry,
CVPR07(1-8).
IEEE DOI Link 0706
BibRef

Hsu, W.[Wei], Fuh, C.S.[Chiou-Shann],
A New Sampling Method of Auto Focus for Voice Coil Motor in Camera Modules,
PSIVT06(1254-1263).
Springer DOI Link 0612
BibRef

Song, Y.[Yu], Li, M.T.[Man-Tian], Sun, L.[Lining],
A New Auto-focusing Algorithm for Optical Microscope Based Automated System,
ICARCV06(1-5).
IEEE DOI Link 0612
BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Tousek, M.[Michael], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Auto-focusing in Extreme Zoom Surveillance: A System Approach with Application to Faces,
ISVC06(I: 401-410).
Springer DOI Link 0611
BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Digital Imaging with Extreme Zoom: System Design and Image Restoration,
CVS06(52).
IEEE DOI Link 0602
Focusing, restoration, etc. E.g. astronomy, aerial monitoring. BibRef

Dubowy, J.N., Herman, G.T.,
An Approach to the Correction of Distance-Dependent Defocus in Electron Microscopic Reconstruction,
ICIP05(III: 748-751).
IEEE DOI Link 0512
BibRef

Antunes, M.[Mark], Trachtenberg, M.[Michael], Thomas, G.[Gabriel], Shoa, T.[Tina],
All-in-Focus Imaging Using a Series of Images on Different Focal Planes,
ICIAR05(174-181).
Springer DOI Link 0509
BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Hatori, Y.[Yoshinori],
Image-Based Refocusing by 3D Filtering,
PSIVT07(385-398).
Springer DOI Link 0712
BibRef

Yoshida, T., Yokota, A., Kashiyama, H., Hamamoto, T.,
Smart image sensor for high speed in-focus detection,
ICIP04(IV: 2837-2840).
IEEE DOI Link 0505
BibRef

Dijk, J.[Judith], van Ginkel, M.[Michael], van Asselt, R.J.[Rutger J.], van Vliet, L.J.[Lucas J.], Verbeek, P.W.[Piet W.],
A New Sharpness Measure Based on Gaussian Lines and Edges,
CAIP03(149-156).
WWW Version. 0311
BibRef

Schlag, J.F.[John F.], Sanderson, A.C.[Arthur C.], Neuman, C.P.[Charles P.], and Wimberly, F.C.[Francis C.],
Implementation of Automatic Focusing Algorithms for a Computer Vision System with Camera Control,
CMU-RI-TR-83-14, CMU Robotics Institute, 1983. Select various focusing algorithms which have been proposed, implement these on a simple vision system (POPEYE), compare the results, and look at modifications (combinations?) which will work better. BibRef 8300

Allegro, S.[Silvia], Chanel, C., Jacot, J.,
Autofocus for Automated Microassembly under a Microscope,
ICIP96(II: 677-680).
IEEE DOI Link BibRef 9600

Binefa, X., Vitria, J.,
A Contrast-Based Focusing Criterium,
ICPR96(I: 805-809).
IEEE DOI Link 9608
(Univ. of Barcelona, E) BibRef

Elder, J.[James], Zucker, S.W.[Steven W.],
Shadows, defocus and reliable estimation,
CAIP95(318-325).
Springer DOI Link 9509
BibRef

Viitanen, J., Rzeszutko, M.,
Using multiple coaxial images for determining the focal gradient in a range camera,
ICIP95(I: 235-238).
IEEE DOI Link 9510
BibRef

Horii, A.,
The Focusing Mechanism in the KTH Head-Eye System,
ISRN KTH/NA/P--92/15--SE, June 1992.
HTML Version. Longer Postscript:
Postscript Version. BibRef 9206

Chapter on 3-D Shape from X -- Shading, Textures, Lasers, Structured Light, Focus, Line Drawings continues in
Shape from Line Drawings, Junction Labeling .