9.10.1 Focusing, Autofocus, Auto Focus

Stroke, G.W., Peuch, C.P.,
Single-Focus Images Restored from Conventionally Recorded Superposed Coded Multi-Focus Photographs,
OptComm(1), No. 5, November/December 1969, pp. 223-226. BibRef 6911

Krotkov, E.P.,
Focusing,
IJCV(1), No. 3, October, 1987, pp. 223-237. BibRef 8710
Earlier: UPennCIS-86-22, 1986. Solutions to problems with automatic focussing of general purpose cameras. (Is this so hard given the availability of auto focus cameras?). See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef

Krotkov, E.P., and Bajcsy, R.,
Active Vision for Reliable Ranging: Cooperating Focus, Stereo, and Vergence,
IJCV(11), No. 2, October 1993, pp. 187-203. See also Active Computer Vision by Cooperative Focusing and Stereo. BibRef 9310

Krotkov, E., and Martin, J.P.,
Range From Focus,
CRA86(1093-1098). BibRef 8600

Subbarao, M., Choi, T., Nikzad, A.,
Focusing Techniques,
OptEng(32), No. 11, November 1993, pp. 2824-2836. BibRef 9311

Subbarao, M., Wei, T.C., Surya, G.,
Focused Image Recovery from Two Defocused Images Recorded with Different Camera Settings,
IP(4), No. 12, December 1995, pp. 1613-1628.
WWW Version. 0402 BibRef
Earlier: CVPR94(786-791).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef

Subbarao, M., and Wei, T.C.,
Depth from Defocus and Rapid Autofocusing: A Practical Approach,
CVPR92(773-776).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. Hardware exhibited at the conference. BibRef 9200

Subbarao, M., Gurumoorthy, N.,
Depth Recovery from Blurred Edges,
CVPR88(498-503).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800

Subbarao, M.,
Parallel Depth Recovery by Changing Camera Parameters,
ICCV88(149-155).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 8800
Earlier:
Direct Recovery of Depth-map I: Differential Methods,
CVWS87(58-65). Depth is recovered from changing the focal length, focal plane distance, and apperature. BibRef

Subbarao, M.[Murali], and Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Selecting the Optimal Focus Measure for Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus,
PAMI(20), No. 8, August 1998, pp. 864-870.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference.
WWW Version. Generate focus error measures. BibRef 9808

Tyan, J.K.[Jenn-Kwei],
Analysis and Application of Autofocusing and Three-Dimensional Shape Recovery Techniques Based on Image Focus and Defocus,
Ph.D.Thesis, EE, SUNY, Stony Brook. 1997. BibRef 9700

Yeo, T.T.E., Ong, S.H., Jayasooriah, Sinniah, R.,
Autofocusing for tissue microscopy,
IVC(11), No. 10, December 1993, pp. 629-639.
WWW Version. 0401 BibRef

Martinez Baena, J., Fdez Valdivia, J., Garcia, J.A.,
A Multichannel Autofocusing Scheme for Gray Level Shape Scale Detection,
PR(30), No. 10, October 1997, pp. 1769-1786.
WWW Version. 9712 BibRef

Lohmann, A.W., Mendlovic, D., Zalevsky, Z.,
Digital Method for Measuring the Focus Error,
AppOpt(36), No. 28, October 1 1997, pp. 7204-7209. 9710 BibRef

Kim, S.K., Park, S.R., Paik, J.K.,
Simultaneous Out-of-Focus Blur Estimation and Restoration for Digital Auto-Focusing System,
Consumer(44), No. 3, August 1998, pp. 1071-1075. 9810 BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Generation of Arbitrarily Focused Images by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
JEI(7), No. 1, January 1998, pp. 138-144. 9807 BibRef
Earlier:
Iterative Reconstruction of an All-Focused Image by Using Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP96(III: 551-554).
WWW Version. BibRef

Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Mo, H.[Hiroshi], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Free Iris Scene Re-Focusing Based on a Three-Dimensional Filtering of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP06(2033-2036). 0610
WWW Version. BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu],
Reconstructing Arbitrarily Focused Images From Two Differently Focused Images Using Linear Filters,
IP(14), No. 11, November 2005, pp. 1848-1859.
WWW Version. 0510 BibRef
Earlier:
Virtual view generation by linear processing of two differently focused images,
ICPR02(I: 504-507).
WWW Version. 0211 BibRef
Earlier:
Inverse Filters for Reconstruction of Arbitrarily Focused Images from Two Differently Focused Images,
ICIP00(Vol I: 101-104).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0008 BibRef

Kubota, A., Aizawa, K.,
Arbitrary view and focus image generation: rendering object-based shifting and focussing effect by linear filtering,
ICIP02(I: 489-492).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210 BibRef

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya],
Implicit 3D Approach to Image Generation: Object-Based Visual Effects by Linear Processing of Multiple Differently Focused Images,
WTRCV01(226). 0103 BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Hatori, M.[Mitsutoshi],
Registration and Blur Estimation Methods for Multiple Differently Focused Images,
ICIP99(II:447-451).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900

Aizawa, K.[Kiyoharu], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Kubota, A.[Akira],
Producing object-based special visual effects by integrating multiple differently focused images: Implicit 3D Approach to Image Content Manipulation,
ICIP99(II:515-519).
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. BibRef 9900
Image Content Manipulation by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
BibRef

Aizawa, K., Kodama, K., Kubota, A.,
Producing Object-Based Special Effects by Fusing Multiple Differently Focused Images,
CirSysVideo(10), No. 2, March 2000, pp. 323.
IEEE Top Reference. 0003 BibRef

Cao, Q.[Qing], Jahns, J.[Jurgen],
Focusing Analysis of the Pinhole Photon Sieve: Individual Far-Field Model,
JOSA-A(19), No. 12, December 2002, pp. 2387-2393.
WWW Version. 0304 BibRef

Lin, S.F.[Sheng-Fuu], Lin, Y.T.[You-Tasi], Su, C.K.[Chien-Kun],
An automatic focusing algorithm,
IJIST(12), No. 6, 2002, pp. 235-238.
WWW Version. 0308 BibRef

Kehtarnavaz, N., Oh, H.J.,
Development and Real-Time Implementation of a Rule-Based Auto-Focus Algorithm,
RealTimeImg(9), No. 3, June 2003, pp. 197-203.
WWW Version. 0310 See also Development and Real-Time Implementation of Auto White Balancing Scoring Algorithm. BibRef

Gamadia, M., Kehtarnavaz, N.,
A Real-time Continuous Automatic Focus Algorithm for Digital Cameras,
Southwest06(163-167).
WWW Version. 0603 BibRef

Lin, J.L.[Jin-Long], Zhang, C.[Chao], Shi, Q.Y.[Qing-Yun],
Estimating the amount of defocus through a wavelet transform approach,
PRL(25), No. 4, March 2004, pp. 407-411.
WWW Version. 0402 BibRef

Yap, P.T., Raveendran, P.,
Image focus measure based on Chebyshev moments,
VISP(151), No. 2, April 2004, pp. 128-136.
IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0406 BibRef

Park, K.R.[Kang Ryoung], Kim, J.H.[Jai-Hie],
A Real-Time Focusing Algorithm for Iris Recognition Camera,
SMC-C(35), No. 3, August 2005, pp. 441-444.
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef
Earlier: ICBA04(410-417).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Li, R., Zhang, Y.J.,
Level Selection for Multiscale Fusion of Out-of-Focus Image,
SPLetters(12), No. 9, September 2005, pp. 617-620.
WWW Version. 0508 BibRef

Zhang, Y.[Ying], Wen, C.Y.[Chang-Yun], Soh, Y.C.[Yeng Chai], Fong, A.M.[Aik Meng],
Adaptive autofocusing: a closed-loop perspective,
JOSA-A(22), No. 4, April 2005, pp. 625-635.
WWW Version. 0601 BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong],
An image-based calibration technique of spatial domain depth-from-defocus,
PRL(27), No. 12, September 2006, pp. 1318-1324.
WWW Version. Depth-from-defocus; Image-based defocus calibration; S-transform 0606 BibRef

Park, S.Y.[Soon-Yong], Moon, J.[Jaekyoung],
Image-Based Calibration of Spatial Domain Depth-from-Defocus and Application to Automatic Focus Tracking,
ACCV06(I:754-763).
WWW Version. 0601 BibRef

Kristan, M.[Matej], Pers, J.[Janez], Perse, M.[Matej], Kovacic, S.[Stanislav],
A Bayes-spectral-entropy-based measure of camera focus using a discrete cosine transform,
PRL(27), No. 13, 1 October 2006, pp. 1431-1439.
WWW Version. 0606Camera focusing; Spectral methods; DCT; Bayes entropy BibRef

Maik, V., Cho, D., Shin, J.H., Paik, J.K.,
Regularized Restoration Using Image Fusion for Digital Auto-Focusing,
CirSysVideo(17), No. 10, October 2007, pp. 1360-1369.
WWW Version. 0711 BibRef

Lee, J.[Jungsoo], Yoo, Y.[Yoonjong], Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Hierarchical Blur Identification from Severely Out-of-Focus Images,
PSIVT06(1334-1342).
WWW Version. 0612 BibRef

Shin, J.H.[Jeong-Ho], Hwang, S.H.[Sung-Hyun], Kim, K.[Kiman], Kang, J.Y.[Jin-Young], Lee, S.W.[Seong-Won], Paik, J.K.[Joon-Ki],
Blur Identification and Image Restoration Based on Evolutionary Multiple Object Segmentation for Digital Auto-focusing,
IWCIA04(656-668).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef
Earlier: A1, A2, A5, A6, Only:
Isotropic Blur Identification for Fully Digital Auto-focusing,
ICIAR05(125-132).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Peddigari, V., Kehtarnavaz, N.,
Real-time predictive zoom tracking for digital still cameras,
RealTimeIP(2), No. 1, October 2007, pp. 45-54.
WWW Version. 0711Keep object in focus while zooming. BibRef

Tian, Y.[Yibin], Shieh, K.[Kevin], Wildsoet, C.F.[Christine F.],
Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations,
JOSA-A(24), No. 12, December 2007, pp. B165-B173.
WWW Version. 0801 BibRef

Wang, W.W., Shui, P.L., Feng, X.C.,
Variational Models for Fusion and Denoising of Multifocus Images,
SPLetters(15), No. 1, January 2008, pp. 65-68.
WWW Version. 0801 BibRef

Gierl, C.[Christian], Kondo, T., Voos, H., Kongprawechon, W., Phoojaruenchanachai, S.,
Image Processing Algorithms for an Auto Focus System for Slit Lamp Microscopy,
ACIVS07(909-919).
WWW Version. 0708 BibRef

Oyamada, Y.[Yuji], Saito, H.[Hideo],
Focal Pre-Correction of Projected Image for Deblurring Screen Image,
PROCAMS07(1-8).
WWW Version. 0706 BibRef

Okatani, T.[Takayuki], Deguchi, K.[Koichiro],
Estimating Scale of a Scene from a Single Image Based on Defocus Blur and Scene Geometry,
CVPR07(1-8).
WWW Version. 0706 BibRef

Hsu, W.[Wei], Fuh, C.S.[Chiou-Shann],
A New Sampling Method of Auto Focus for Voice Coil Motor in Camera Modules,
PSIVT06(1254-1263).
WWW Version. 0612 BibRef

Song, Y.[Yu], Li, M.T.[Man-Tian], Sun, L.[Lining],
A New Auto-focusing Algorithm for Optical Microscope Based Automated System,
ICARCV06(1-5).
WWW Version. 0612 BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Tousek, M.[Michael], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Auto-focusing in Extreme Zoom Surveillance: A System Approach with Application to Faces,
ISVC06(I: 401-410).
WWW Version. 0611 BibRef

Yao, Y.[Yi], Abidi, B.R.[Besma R.], Abidi, M.A.[Mongi A.],
Digital Imaging with Extreme Zoom: System Design and Image Restoration,
CVS06(52).
WWW Version. 0602Focusing, restoration, etc. E.g. astronomy, aerial monitoring. BibRef

Dubowy, J.N., Herman, G.T.,
An Approach to the Correction of Distance-Dependent Defocus in Electron Microscopic Reconstruction,
ICIP05(III: 748-751).
WWW Version. 0512 BibRef

Antunes, M.[Mark], Trachtenberg, M.[Michael], Thomas, G.[Gabriel], Shoa, T.[Tina],
All-in-Focus Imaging Using a Series of Images on Different Focal Planes,
ICIAR05(174-181).
WWW Version. 0509 BibRef

Kubota, A.[Akira], Kodama, K.[Kazuya], Hatori, Y.[Yoshinori],
Image-Based Refocusing by 3D Filtering,
PSIVT07(385-398).
WWW Version. 0712 BibRef

Yoshida, T., Yokota, A., Kashiyama, H., Hamamoto, T.,
Smart image sensor for high speed in-focus detection,
ICIP04(IV: 2837-2840).
WWW Version. 0505 BibRef

Dijk, J.[Judith], van Ginkel, M.[Michael], van Asselt, R.J.[Rutger J.], van Vliet, L.J.[Lucas J.], Verbeek, P.W.[Piet W.],
A New Sharpness Measure Based on Gaussian Lines and Edges,
CAIP03(149-156).
WWW Version. 0311 BibRef

Schlag, J.F.[John F.], Sanderson, A.C.[Arthur C.], Neuman, C.P.[Charles P.], and Wimberly, F.C.[Francis C.],
Implementation of Automatic Focusing Algorithms for a Computer Vision System with Camera Control,
CMU-RI-TR-83-14, CMU Robotics Institute, 1983. Select various focusing algorithms which have been proposed, implement these on a simple vision system (POPEYE), compare the results, and look at modifications (combinations?) which will work better. BibRef 8300

Allegro, S.[Silvia], Chanel, C., Jacot, J.,
Autofocus for Automated Microassembly under a Microscope,
ICIP96(II: 677-680).
WWW Version. BibRef 9600

Binefa, X., Vitria, J.,
A Contrast-Based Focusing Criterium,
ICPR96(I: 805-809).
WWW Version. 9608(Univ. of Barcelona, E) BibRef

Elder, J.[James], Zucker, S.W.[Steven W.],
Shadows, defocus and reliable estimation,
CAIP95(318-325).
WWW Version. 9509 BibRef

Viitanen, J., Rzeszutko, M.,
Using multiple coaxial images for determining the focal gradient in a range camera,
ICIP95(I: 235-238).
WWW Version. 9510 BibRef

Horii, A.,
The Focusing Mechanism in the KTH Head-Eye System,
ISRN KTH/NA/P--92/15--SE, June 1992.
HTML Version. Longer Postscript:
Postscript Version. BibRef 9206

Chapter on 3-D Shape from X -- Shading, Textures, Lasers, Structured Light, Focus, Line Drawings continues in
Shape from Line Drawings, Junction Labeling .